Native Americans Chapter 2 Lesson 3

Struggles Nomads Relocate Wars People who move from place to place in search of food Relocate Wars

Dakota Sioux uprising - 1862 Sioux agreed to live on reservations Annuities Money paid by contract at regular intervals Usually never got to the people Local traders refused to provide food on credit Hundreds were killed 300 Dakota were sentenced to death Lincoln reduced it to 38 Federal troops came in – some fled and became exiles

Red Cloud’s War Lakota Indians Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull Dec. 1866 U.S. Army building forts along the Bozeman Trail Captain William Fetterman and 80 men Fetterman’s Massacre 1868 army abandoned the trail Crazy Horse

Sand creek massacre - 1864 Colorado – miners entering Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes Raided wagons and ranches (dozen homes burned, 200 killed) Chief Black Kettle Several hundred Cheyenne to negotiate Major Scott Anthony allowed them to camp at Sand Creek What actually happened at Sand Creek is unclear. Some witnesses stated that Black Kettle had been flying both an American flag and a white flag of truce, which Chivington ignored. Others reported that the American troops fired on the unsuspecting Native Americans and then brutally murdered hundreds of women and children. Still others described a savage battle in which both sides fought ferociously for two days. Few soldiers died, but the number of Native Americans reported killed varied from 69 to 600. The truth of what happened at Sand Creek is still debated.

Doomed Plans Indian peace Commission 2 large reservation on the Plains Sioux and Native American on the S. Plains Could not inforce or stop settlers from violating the terms Poverty, despair, corrupt practices of American traders

Last Native American Wars 1870 – Many Native Americans left reservations Professional Buffalo Hunters Money from hides Others for sport Trains killed any buffalo who get in the way Army encouraged buffalo killings 1889 few buffalo remain

Battle of Little Bighorn 1876 Prospectors overran the Lakota Sioux in the Dakota Territory Many left reservations to hunt Lt. Colonel George A. Custer and Seventh Calvary Launched attack on the largest group of warrior ever assembled on the Great Plains Every man was killed Sitting Bull was forced to Canada

Wounded Knee Lakota Sioux reservation Ghost Dance Settlers disappear, buffalo return, reunite with dead ancestors Sitting Bull had returned Police went to arrest, fight broke out, Bull died 25 US soldiers and approx. 200 Lakota men, women and children died

Americanization and the Dawes Act Assimilate Learn English, adopt American culture and values and become a US citizen Indian boarding schools Speak English Chose English names American style clothing Cut hair Attend church Learn vocational kills

Americanization and the Dawes Act Divide land into allotments 160 acres to each head of household 80 acres to single adult 40 acres to each child Leftovers sold to settlers and money put into trust for Native Americans Citizenship granted if you stayed on land for 25 years

In the End 1924 Citizenship Act Indian Reorganization Act Granted all Native American’s citizenship Indian Reorganization Act Reversed Dawes Act Restored some reservation lands Gave Native Americans control over those land Permitted them to elect their own governments