Chapter 33 – RESTRUCTURING THE POSTWAR WORLD UNIT 12 Chapter 33 – RESTRUCTURING THE POSTWAR WORLD THE COLD WAR

CHAPTER 33 Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–Present SECTION 4 The United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control over other nations. SECTION 1 Cold War: Superpowers Face Off SECTION 2 Communists Take Power in China SECTION 3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam SECTION 4 The Cold War Divides the World SECTION 5 The Cold War Thaws Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin (left to right) at the Yalta Conference (February 1945). These are my notes for slide 2

OBJECTIVES CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the conflicts of the Cold War Objective 11.2: Explain the events that led to President Nixon’s resignation.

Chapter 33 SECTION 4 THE COLD WAR DIVIDES THE WORLD The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts.

THE THIRD WORLD WRITE THIS DOWN! More Than One “World” After WWII the world’s nations were grouped into three “worlds”. 1st – industrialized nations; 2nd – Communists nations; 3rd – developing nations Third World — developing nations; often newly independent, nonaligned (Ex: Latin America, Asian islands, African nations) U.S., Soviet Union, China compete for influence over Third World Back revolutions and give economic, military, technical aid Association of Nonaligned Nations Many countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in Cold War In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian, African leaders who want neutrality Nonaligned nations — independent countries not involved in Cold War

THE BAY OF PIGS Fidel Castro Outcome of the Invasion WRITE THIS DOWN! Fidel Castro A U.S. supported Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista, was unpopular Fidel Castro — leads revolt in Cuba in 1959 and converts Cuba to communism With Castro in power, he nationalizes economy, takes U.S. property Outcome of the Invasion President Kennedy approved an invasion of Cuba on April 17, 1961. To overthrow Castro, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained a group of Cubans to invade Cuba. The Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba by the U.S. in 1961 proved to be a U.S. military disaster. Airstrikes failed to destroy Cuba’s air force, and Cuban troops easily fought off the invaders. The United States lost credibility for its clumsy invasion tactics as well as its violation of agreements not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

CONFLICT IN CUBA WRITE THIS DOWN! On October 16, 1962, photographs taken from an American spy plane showed construction of Soviet missile bases in Cuba, about 90 miles from the coast of Florida. In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba; with the countries on the brink of nuclear war this became known as the Cuban Missile Crisis After much consultation with his advisors, President Kennedy decided to authorize a naval “quarantine” around Cuba. He demanded that Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev cease construction of the missile bases. On October 25, Soviet ships headed for Cuba suddenly reversed direction, called back by Khrushchev. This action led to tremendous relief since confrontation, and the threat of nuclear war, had been avoided.

CRISIS RESOLVED WRITE THIS DOWN! The Cuban Missile Crisis did not end when Soviet ships reversed their course, however. The end of the crisis came several days later, when Kennedy responded to letters sent from Khrushchev, agreeing to some terms publicly and others in secret. Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to invade Cuba In return, the United States agreed to end the quarantine, stay out of Cuba, and remove missiles of its own from Turkey. As a result of the crisis, Kennedy and Khrushchev established a “hot line” with which they could communicate quickly in case of further crises. Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet support

CLASH IN IRAN Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran WRITE THIS DOWN! Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran Shah Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments, oil companies Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil company U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment The United States Supports Secular Rule Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. support Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini — Iranian Muslim leader; exiled until 1970’s In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran; shah flees

IRANIAN CONFLICT Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies WRITE THIS DOWN! Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies Islamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran (1979– 1980) Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq Iran, Iraq fight 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan Soviets invade Afghanistan, help Communist government against rebels Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union; The 1980’s Soviet invasion of Afghanistan fails; they withdraw in 1989