World History Chapter 16 Exploration and Expansion Section Ch. 16. 1 Scientific Revolution

Key Vocabulary Scientific Method Geocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory Scientific Revolution

Key People Roger Bacon Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Issac Newton Andreas Vesalius Rene Descartes Francis Bacon Robert Boyle

From Magic to Science Science v. Magic Roger Bacon – an English philosopher and scientist of the 1200s. He was one of the earliest to favor a system of scientific experimentation, rather than faithful acceptance of religious ideas and ancient beliefs, as a means of finding truth.

From Magic to Science The spirit of the Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, and the practical application of the knowledge of nature to everyday life. During the era of Scientific Revolution people began using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries.

The New Study of Nature As scientists spent more time examining the world around them, they observed things that did not agree with traditional explanations. Early scientists of the 1500s began to question ancient beliefs. They used three new tools – scientific instruments, mathematics, and experiments. Beginnings of the Scientific Revolution. Conducting Experiments!

Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy Three main areas of study: Astronomy: study of stars, planets, and other bodies in the sky. Physics: changes and properties of matter and energy. Anatomy: the study of the structure of the human body, mainly examination of dead bodies.

Reading from the Text Read pp. 382-387 Background Information! Complete your vocabulary

Scientific Method http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us-scientific-revolution

Copernicus Ptolemy stated that Earth was the center of the universe. Geocentric theory: “earth centered”. Nicolaus Copernicus began to abandon Ptolemy’s geocentric theory. Heliocentric theory : “sun centered”. People paid little attention to his theory, they still believed that the sun and planets moved around Earth. Primary source reading: Copernicus

Dedication of the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies to Pope Paul III -Copernicus Read the excerpt written by Copernicus Circle any unfamiliar words Highlight the expected reaction to his theories? Highlight references to the Pope and his position Highlight his views of the physical world and his evidence Describe Copernicus’ tone. Whose judgments will he ignore and why? Why were his ideas so controversial?

Kepler and Galileo Proof of Copernicus’ theory came from Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who used models, observation, and mathematics to test Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. Galileo built a telescope and began studying the heavens. He used his observations to argue that not every heavenly body revolves around Earth. Church scholars disapproved of Galileo’s theory. Some said the telescope was an invention of the devil.

Galileo’s Indictment Read Silently Galileo’s Indictment Circle Unfamiliar Words Highlight the charges brought against Galileo (5) Why has he been charged? What does this reveal about how people thought during this time period? Provide examples from the text. Consider the Church, and the mass population

Newton In 1687 Isaac Newton published a book building on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. They had shown that the planets revolved around the sun. They had not been able to explain why these bodies moved as they did. Newton realized that the force that holds the planets in their orbits and the force that causes objects to fall to Earth are one and the same. Law of universal gravitation: all bodies attract each other. http://www.history.com/videos/isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution#isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution

Ch. 16.1 Review Complete the graphic organizer for each scientist with a partner Who contributed the most to the Scientific Revolution in your opinion? Justify your response. Share your findings

Vesalius and Harvey Andreas Versalius, a Flemish scientist pioneered the study of anatomy. In 1543 Vesalius published a seven-volume book called On the Fabric of the Human Body. William Harvey used laboratory experiments to study the circulation of blood. He described how blood moved through the veins and arteries. He also observed the working of the body’s most important muscle – the heart.

The Triumph of the New Science New scientific “orders” spread knowledge of the developments of the Scientific Revolution. The printing press helped scientists as it had helped religious reformers.

Descartes Rene Descartes was a leader of the Scientific Revolution. In Discourse on Method, Descartes stated that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. He believed, for example, that his own existence was proven by the fact that he could think. He wrote, “I think, therefore I am.” In Descartes’ view, all fields of scientific knowledge were connected, thus they should be studied together.

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon believed that scientific theories could be developed only through observation. He said that no assumption could be trusted unless it could be proven by repeatable experiments. Robert Boyle – helped to pioneer the modern science of chemistry.

FRQ 16.1 Question: Evaluate which had a greater influence during the Scientific Revolution: 1. specific advances in technology OR 2. a change in the way people think about science. *Use specific evidence and discuss scientists, discoveries, inventions, or ways of thought to support your answer!