1. The Scientific Revolution

2. The Philosophical Medieval View
Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the
Geocentric theory:
Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth
Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.

3. Geocentric Theory

4. Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) Greek philosopher
Developed geocentric model.
Philosophies had long-lasting effects on philosophical theories.

5. Claudius Ptolemy (85AD – 165AD)
Greek astronomer, mathematician & geographer
Expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory.
Introduced trigonometry methods.

6. Before the Scientific Revolution
Science was called “natural philosophy”
Science mixed with moral philosophy, theology, numerology, alchemy & magic
Ancient Greek sources highly trusted
Few experiments were performed

7. What was the Scientific Revolution?
From 1542 to 1700
Development of new ways to study universe
Old authorities no longer blindly accepted
Application of mathematics to natural world
Creation and spread of new ideas and discoveries

8. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
The voyages of discovery and colonization
Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages
New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge

9. Heliocentric Model Earth is not center of the universe
Earth is just another planet
Earth revolves around the Sun
Night and day caused by Earth’s rotation

10. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models
Heliocentric Theory
Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models

11. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory
Earth is no different than any other planet
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

12. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Uses experiments & observations
Planetary movement is a mathematical formula
Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles
Confirms Copernicus ideas

13. Galileo Galilei ( )
GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets)
Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving & earth is central  they are furious w/Galileo!
Galileo accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements
Brainpop

14. Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642)
Gathered observational data that supported the Heliocentric Model
Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)

15. Why did the Catholic Church care?
Galileo was CATHOLIC!
The Protestant Reformation
Events had disturbed the faith of many Christians
Movements in the heavens which contradicted Church doctrine

16. Isaac Newton ( )
Universal law of motion  every object in universe attracts every other object
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down)
Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion.

17. Andreas Vesalius ( )
First to dissect human bodies (even though a disapproved practice)
Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones & muscle.

18. William Harvey ( )
Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628)
Showed heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body

19. Francis Bacon ( )
English politician & writer with an interest in science.
Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at conclusions.
Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions
Developed Scientific Method

20. The Scientific Method Observation Research Hypothesis Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion

21. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French scientist & mathematician.
Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry)
Developments provided new tools for scientific research.