PIA2000 Recruitment, Education and Training Introduction to Public Affairs Week Seven Recruitment, Education and Training

The More that things change the more they stay the same Video The Functions of Government

Overview: This Week- Recruitment, Education and Training I. Human Resource Development Key: Internal Capacity Building? II. Recruitment, Education and Training III. Elite Recruitment- Focus: Entry into Public Sector IV. Human Resource Development and Education VI. Theories of Recruitment VII. Representation VIII. Territorial Administration

I. Human Resource Development Key: Internal Capacity Building? Education: Assumed key in Developed Countries and LDCs Modernization: Education the Key? Counter-Dependency Framework for analysis: Something can be done Social Development, Human Capital and Social Capital

World Bank Institute

The Strategy

Social Capital and Civil Society? How International

Strategy of Human Development Understand Concepts explaining transformation Combinations of welfare, social and human resource development? Debates about Merit?

HRD Concepts 1. Socialization- More Next week 2. Status vs. Role 3. Counter-Roles 4. Role Theory

Role Theory and HR Development

Role Theory and HRD Other People’s Behavior and Environmental Factors influence Personal Characteristics (Cognitive, Affective and Biological Events)

“Self awareness – give feedback on how one sees oneself, and how the rest of the team view each other”

II. Recruitment, Education The Issues II. Recruitment, Education and Training

The Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslov)

Alternative Choices-1 1. Human Resource Development (Skills development and Labor productivity) 2. Social Development: Health, Education and Community 3. Societal Development and Environmental Analysis (Turner and Hulme) 4. Basic Needs: Human Security (Food, Water and Shelter)

Alternative Choices-2 5. Management Development 6. Issues of Poverty and Redistribution (Isbister) Is there a Moral Argument? 7. Civil Society and Social Capital- Is this an HRD issue?

The Poverty Debate and Education- Waiting for Superman?

Alternative Choices-3 8. NGOs, Education and Development: a. Social Development or left wing privatization? b. Scaling-up and self-spreading 9. Social liberalism vs. social democracy (John Stuart Mills vs. John Maynard Keynes) 10. Women and Development vs. Gender and Development. What is the difference?

Women vs. Gender and Development Issues: Discussion

Societal Development- A Macro-Approach Idea

III. Elite Recruitment- Focus: Entry into Public Sector Patterns of Recruitment- How the Bureaucracy is Selected? Differences between Private and Non-Profit? Civil Service Advert. 1940s

Representation and Affirmative Action Merit vs. Representation vs. Political Control

Canadian View of “Human Rights” in the Public Sector- Edmonton Alberta

Three Models of Recruitment: Redux 1. Model of merit system- Career appointments, competitive examinations, and an end to patronage 2. The recruitment of professionals and specialists contradicts with the issue of political control (“Spoils”) “Schedule C” 3. Representation- especially majority representation relates to political accountability

Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) Picture Taken in 1844 Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) Picture Taken in 1844. “To the Victor belongs the Spoils”

4. Crisis Recruitment: War or Panic (U.K.)

Recruitment Problems in the Public Sector a. Management, eg. the Department, or the unit, often does not control recruitment b. Legislation sets the rules- merit system with civil service commission overseeing the process c. Commissions or personnel unit act as an intermediary Blocking Decisions

Recruitment in Guyana (South America)

Mini-Discussion What is the best way to recruit? Political Merit Representation

IV. Human Resource Development and Education 1. The Key to Merit 2. Issue: the difference between Education and Training 3. Professional vs. Management Video A Form of Affirmative Action

TEN MINUTE BREAK

The GI Bill and Affirmative Action The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (better known as the G.I. Bill) provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Mini-Discussion

The Difference: The Dutch System Education VWO- Pre-University Training VMBO- Vocational HAVO- General High School

Debate about the Ideal of Open (not closed) system- Importance of "Professional Class” Role of Professional Schools in producing that class. U.S model of open System

The U.S. System of Recruitment Early, middle or late entry Deep political control and The possibility of "in and out“ Key: Professional Post-Graduate Education

A Reflection of the U.S. Model: In Theory if and Sometimes in Practice MPA MPIA MID Or MBA MPH, etc.

Closed vs. Open Systems: Age Equals Access to Jobs

European Systems- Inherited by Much of World 1. Historically closed 2. Class based and 3. Limited to early entry

Theories of Recruitment: John Armstrong's Classification Maximum Deferred Achievement-equitable (French revolutionary and Soviet ideal, and Jacksonian Democracy- Late Decision) Maximum Ascriptive- Western European model Progressive Equal Attrition- Fail out over time U.S. and Russian reality and aspects of Post War German system. Partly open. Fairness depends on lateral entry (in and out)

Differences in Closed Classes administrative professional Executive Technical Clerical Industrial Differing views of technical skills, law and classical education (France, Germany, U.K.)

Top Administrators a. U.K.- Oxbridge Generalist b. Russia- Engineers c. France- Legal/Technical d. Germany/Scandinavia- Legalist e. U.S.- Products of policy Schools: Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson, Syracuse, Pitt.?

VII. Representation: The Debate about Affirmative Action: Primary Debates U.S. - Race and Gender Europe- Culture and Religion Asia: Language South Africa: Ethnicity VIDEO

Recruitment: A Scandinavian Perspective

Unique U.S. contribution- American system internationalized from the 1950s by Foreign Aid Concept of training Public Administration- skills analogy- business administration and engineering as models “Technical Assistance” and Development

Unique U.S. Contribution, Cont.

Unique U.S. Contribution, Cont. Deep political penetration- note surprise in South Africa Open system- Concept of representative bureaucracy Recruitment: The Only Game in Town

The Only Game in Town?

A Cultural Comparison

VIII. Territorial Administration (To be Continued) Issue: use of Prefects for control: Geographic Administrators- appointed from the Center. Eg. Governors in Putin’s Russia Integrated vs. Un-integrated Territorial vs. Function (Health or Education) Special Issues of Recruitment to Work in the Field

The French Prefet

Question/Discussion What form of bureaucratic recruitment is used in each of your “favorite” countries?