1. 1 Purposes and Origins of Government What is the purpose of government? What is the purpose of government? How is government defined? How is government defined? What are the functions of government? What are the functions of government? What is the difference between nation and state? What is the difference between nation and state? What are the four defining characteristics of the state? What are the four defining characteristics of the state? How have we attempted to explain the origin of the state? How have we attempted to explain the origin of the state?

2. 2 The Purpose of Government The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States: “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

3. 3 What Is Government? Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies (plans).

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5. 5 What are the functions of government? Provide Leadership Maintain Order Provide Public Services Provide National Security Provide Economic Security and Economic Assistance

6. 6 What is a nation? A sizeable group of people who believe themselves united by common bonds of race, language, custom, or religion.

7. 7 The State population A state must have people, the number of which does not directly relate to its existence. A state must have people, the number of which does not directly relate to its existence.Territory A state must be comprised of land — territory with known and recognized boundaries. A state must be comprised of land — territory with known and recognized boundaries.Government Every state has a government — that is, it is politically organized. Every state has a government — that is, it is politically organized.Sovereignty Every state is sovereign! It has supreme and absolute power within its own territory and decides its own foreign and domestic policies. Every state is sovereign! It has supreme and absolute power within its own territory and decides its own foreign and domestic policies. The State can be defined as having these four characteristics:

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9. 9 Origins of the State The Force Theory The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that person’s or group’s rule. The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that person’s or group’s rule. The Evolutionary Theory The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family. The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family. The Divine Right Theory The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule. The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule. The Social Contract Theory The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people. The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people.

10. 10 Assessment Assessment 1. A government is (a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies. (b) a collection of people. (c) always democratic. (d) the organization representing farms and industries. 2. A state has the following four characteristics: (a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government. (b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory. (c) people, places, force, and divine right. (d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility.

11. 11 Assessment 1. A government is (a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies. (b) a collection of people. (c) always democratic. (d) the organization representing farms and industries. 2. A state has the following four characteristics: (a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government. (b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory. (c) people, places, force, and divine right. (d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility.

12. 12 Types of Government How is a federal system of government different from a unitary or confederate one? How is a federal system of government different from a unitary or confederate one? How is a constitutional government different than a country without a constitution? How is a constitutional government different than a country without a constitution? What is the differences between authoritarian and democratic governments? What is the differences between authoritarian and democratic governments? What are the principles of democracy? What are the principles of democracy?

13. 13 Classifying Governments 1) The geographic distribution of the governmental power within the state. (2) The rules for the government. (3) Who can participate in the governing process. Governments can be classified by three different standards:

14. 14 Classification by Geographic Distribution of Power Unitary Government A unitary government has all powers held by a single, central agency. A unitary government has all powers held by a single, central agency. Confederate Government A confederation is an alliance of independent states. A confederation is an alliance of independent states. Federal Government A federal government is one in which the powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. A federal government is one in which the powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. An authority superior to both the central and local governments makes this division of power on a geographic basis. An authority superior to both the central and local governments makes this division of power on a geographic basis.

15. 15 The Rules for the Government Constitutional Government Constitutional Government Government in which a constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern (limited government)Government in which a constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern (limited government) Non-Constitutional Government Non-Constitutional Government No limit on governmental powersNo limit on governmental powers

16. 16 Classification by Who Can Participate Democracy In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the people. In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the people. A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is translated into law directly by the people themselves. A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is translated into law directly by the people themselves. In an representative democracy, a small group of persons, chosen by the people to act as their representatives, expresses the popular will. In an representative democracy, a small group of persons, chosen by the people to act as their representatives, expresses the popular will. Authoritarian Leadership that controls all aspects of its citizens’ economic and social lives. Leadership that controls all aspects of its citizens’ economic and social lives. An dictatorship is a government in which a single person holds unlimited political power. An dictatorship is a government in which a single person holds unlimited political power. An oligarchy is a government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self- appointed elite. An oligarchy is a government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self- appointed elite. Monarchies Monarchies can be a democratic monarchy or an authoritarian

17. 17 Principles of Democracy 1. Citizen Participation 2. Regular Free and Fair Elections 3. Accepting the Results of Elecitons 4. The Rule of Law 5. Majority Rule with Minority Rights 6. Accountability 7. Transparency 8. Limited Government & Bill of Rights 9. Control of the Abuse of Power The American concept of democracy rests on these basic beliefs:

18. 18 Principles of Democracy 10. Economic Freedom 11. Equality 12. Individual or Human Rights 13. Independent Judiciary 14. Competing Political Parties The American concept of democracy rests on these basic beliefs contuinued:

19. 19 Assessment 1. In a democracy, (a) independent states form an alliance. (b) supreme political authority rests with the people. (c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. (d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people. 2. The United States government has the following characteristics: (a) confederate, constitutional, and dictatorship. (b) unitary, non-constitutional, and democracy. (c) federal, constitutional, and democracy. (d) unitary, non-constitutional, and dictatorship.

20. 20 Assessment Assessment 1. In a democracy, (a) independent states form an alliance. (b) supreme political authority rests with the people. (c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. (d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people. 2. The United States government has the following characteristics: (a) confederate, constitutional, and dictatorship. (b) unitary, non-constitutional, and democracy. (c) federal, constitutional, and democracy. (d) unitary, non-constitutional, and dictatorship.

21. 21 Role of Government in Different Economic Systems What are the basic factors of every economy? What are the basic factors of every economy? What are the goals of capitalism? What are the goals of capitalism? What are mixed economies? What are mixed economies? What are the goals of socialism? What are the goals of socialism? How does a command economy work? How does a command economy work?

22. 22 Basic Factors of Every Economy Producers – people who make good and services to sell Producers – people who make good and services to sell Distributors – people who get products to buyers Distributors – people who get products to buyers Consumers – people who purchase and use goods and services Consumers – people who purchase and use goods and services Labor – the work that people do or the workers themselves Labor – the work that people do or the workers themselves Resources – natural materials such as land and water and human resources such as knowledge and labor Resources – natural materials such as land and water and human resources such as knowledge and labor Capital – the money or resources needed to invest in production Capital – the money or resources needed to invest in production Entrepreneurs – risk-taking individuals who use or combine the factors of production in search of profits Entrepreneurs – risk-taking individuals who use or combine the factors of production in search of profits

23. 23 Democracy and the Free Enterprise System The free enterprise system is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision rather than by state. The free enterprise system is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision rather than by state. Decisions in a free enterprise system are determined by the law of supply and demand (GREED). Decisions in a free enterprise system are determined by the law of supply and demand (GREED). An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion is called a mixed economy. An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion is called a mixed economy. GOVERNMENTS exist independent of the economic system they use. GOVERNMENTS exist independent of the economic system they use.

24. Economic Systems 24

25. Economic Systems 25

26. Economic Systems 26

27. 27 Assessment 1. A producer in a capitalist system might do which of the following to further her goals? (a) Ignore cost of production. (b) Raise prices in the face of competition from another company. (c) Redesign products to use fewer resources. (d) Sell a share of her business to a government entity. 2. A government using a socialist approach would be most likely to do which of these? (a) Allow banks to fail during difficult economic times. (b) Encourage education and training from private schools. (c) Provide vouchers for health care to the unemployed. (d) Utilize private companies to fulfill defense contracts.

28. 28 Assessment 1. A producer in a capitalist system might do which of the following to further her goals? (a) Ignore cost of production. (b) Raise prices in the face of competition from another company. (c) Redesign products to use fewer resources. (d) Sell a share of her business to a government entity. 2. A government using a socialist approach would be most likely to do which of these? (a) Allow banks to fail during difficult economic times. (b) Encourage education and training from private schools. (c) Provide vouchers for health care to the unemployed. (d) Utilize private companies to fulfill defense contracts.