1. Recruitment, Education and Training: Administrative Functions
PIA 2020
Recruitment, Education and Training:
Administrative Functions

2. The More that things change the more they stay the same
Video
The Functions of Government

3. Overview: This Week- Recruitment, Education and Training
I. Basic Principles: Administration and Power
II. Human Resource Development Key: Internal Capacity Building?
III. Elite Recruitment- Focus: Entry into Public Sector
IV. Theories of Recruitment
V. Recruitment, Education and Training

4. Enduring Features of Government and Comparative Methodology
Patterns of public organizations
Recruitment of bureaucrats
Certain common programs of governments
Problem of Dysfunction

5. Enduring Features in Organizations
Capacities and performance
The perennial tensions between official (and Personal norms and the control of bureaucratic power (Corruption)
Ecology and the Environment
Internationalization of Public Policy

6. I. Basic Principles? The Bureaucracy is an institution of government
The public bureaucracy has greater recourse to sanctions than the private
However, this is only partly true- the credit card company and the collection agency are also powerful.

7. End of Macro-Approach in our study
1.The Macro Approach: No Longer In Vogue
a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs
b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes
c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on INSIDE processes of executive government
2. Patterns of Governance- Basis for Comparison

8. Gabriel A. Almond (12 January 1911 – 25 December 2002)
Family of Russian
Immigrants
Inputs- Interest Articulation
Interest Aggregation
Socialization
“Conversion- The Black Box”
Outputs- Laws, Regulations
And Policies

10. Micro-Approach: What to Compare
Things often done by different structures and processes
Key:- Who makes rules?
Who carries out, implements?
3. Critics: Lack of systems level theory

11. Origins of bureaucratic power- 1
a. Bureaucracy is largely autonomous, only 10% of actions controlled by politicos
b. Actions are seldom subjected to political or judicial review
c. Problem of bureaucratic lethargy- resists change

12. Lethargy? (Dong Eun Kim)

13. Origins of bureaucratic power-2
d. Bureaucracies are COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONS and are difficult to control
e. Bureaucrats often have the market cornered on expertise (vis-à-vis politicians)
f. Bureaucrats play "bureaucratic politics" behind the politicians' backs

14. THE PROBLEM
Management of the public sector organization is often separated from the major management functions-
eg. Recruitment, promotion, firing, discipline, collective bargaining
We examine each separately

15. Recruitment Problems in the Public Sector
a. Management, eg. the Department, or the unit, often does not control recruitment
b. Legislation sets the rules- merit system with civil service commission overseeing the process
c. Commissions or personnel unit act as an intermediary Blocking Decisions

16. II. Human Resource Development Key: Internal Capacity Building?
Education: Assumed key in Developed Countries and LDCs
Modernization: Education the Key?
Counter-Dependency Framework for analysis: Something can be done
Social Development, Human Capital and Social Capital

17. Strategy of Human Development
Understand Concepts explaining transformation
Combinations of welfare, social and human resource development?
Debates about Merit?

18. World Bank Institute: HRD and Society

19. The Strategy

21. Social Capital and Civil Society? How International

23. HRD Concepts 1. Socialization- More in following weeks
2. Status vs. Role
3. Counter-Roles
4. Role Theory

24. Role Theory and HR Development

25. Role Theory and HRD
Other People’s Behavior and Environmental Factors influence
Personal Characteristics (Cognitive, Affective and Biological Events)

26. Role Theory: Animal Behavior?
The bureaucrat can have a complex set of interpersonal relationships
1. Analyst and advocate
2. Planner
3. Managers and lobbyists
4. Professional and employee
5. Citizen
6. Spouse and Parent

27. “Self awareness – give feedback on how one sees oneself, and how the rest of the team view each other”

28. The Hierarchy of Needs and Roles (Abraham Maslov)

29. Alternative Choices-1
1. Human Resource Development (Skills development and Labor productivity)
2. Social Development: Health, Education and Community
3. Societal Development and Environmental Analysis
4. Basic Needs: Human Security (Food, Water and Shelter)

31. Alternative Choices-2 5. Management Development
6. Issues of Poverty and Redistribution (Isbister) Is there a Moral Argument?
7. Civil Society and Social Capital- Is this an HRD issue?

32. The Poverty Debate and Education- Waiting for Superman?

33. Alternative Choices-3 8. NGOs, Education and Development:
a. Social Development or left wing privatization?
b. Scaling-up and self-spreading
9. Social liberalism vs. social democracy (John Stuart Mills vs. John Maynard Keynes)
10. Women and Development vs. Gender and Development. What is the difference?

34. Women vs. Gender and Development Issues: Discussion

35. III. Recruitment, Education
The Issues
III. Recruitment, Education
and Training

36. The Only Game in Town?

37. Overview: Recruitment is the Only Game in Town (for Reform)
KEY: The recruitment of professionals and specialists contradicts with the issue of political control
a. Problem- management, eg. the Department, often does not control recruitment
b. Legislation sets the rules- merit system with civil service commission overseeing the process
c. Civil Service Commission or Office of Personnel acts as an intermediary

38. Societal Development- A Macro-Approach Idea

39. IV. Elites- Focus: Entry into Public Sector
Patterns of Recruitment- How the Bureaucracy is Selected?
Differences between
Private and Non-Profit?
Civil Service Advert.
1940s

40. The Process: Images of Recruitment

41. Representation and Affirmative Action
Merit vs.
Representation vs.
Political Control

42. Canadian View of “Human Rights” in the Public Sector- Edmonton Alberta

43. Three Models of Recruitment
1. Model of merit system- Career appointments, competitive examinations, and an end to patronage
2. The recruitment of professionals and specialists contradicts with the issue of political control (“Spoils”) “Schedule C”
3. Representation- especially majority vs. minority representation relates to political accountability

44. Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) Picture Taken in 1844
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) Picture Taken in “To the Victor belongs the Spoils”

45. Representation: The Debate about Affirmative Action: Primary Debates
U.S. – Race, sexual orientation and Gender
Europe- Culture and Religion
Asia: Language
South Africa: Ethnicity
VIDEO

46. Recruitment: A Scandinavian Perspective

47. Crisis Recruitment: War or Panic (U.K.)

48. Recruitment in Guyana (South America)

49. Mini-Discussion What is the best way to recruit? Political Merit
Representation

50. V. Human Resource Development and Education
1. The Key to Merit
2. Issue: the difference between Education and Training
3. Professional vs. Management
Video: The G.I. Bill- Look at film
A Form of Affirmative Action

51. The GI Bill and Affirmative Action
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (better known as the G.I. Bill) provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation.
Mini-Discussion

52. The Difference in Recruitment and Education: The Dutch System
VWO- Pre-University
Training
VMBO- Vocational
HAVO- General High School

53. Debate about the Ideal of Open (not closed) system-
Importance of "Professional Class”
Role of Professional Schools in producing that class.
U.S model of open System

54. The U.S. System of Recruitment
Early, middle or late entry
Deep political control and
The possibility of "in and out“
Key: Professional Post-Graduate Education: 48 credit Professional Masters Program.

55. A Reflection of the U.S. Model: In Theory of and Sometimes in Practice: 1957
MPA
MPIA
MID Or
MBA
MPH, etc.

56. European Systems- Inherited by Much of World
1. Historically closed
2. Class based and
3. Limited to early entry

57. Closed vs. Open Systems: Age Equals Access to Jobs

58. Theories of Recruitment: John Armstrong's Classification
Maximum Deferred Achievement-equitable (French revolutionary and Soviet ideal, and Jacksonian Democracy- Late Decision)
Maximum Ascriptive- Western European model
Progressive Equal Attrition- Fail out over time U.S. and Russian reality and aspects of Post War German system. Partly open. Fairness depends on lateral entry (in and out)

59. Differences in Closed Classes: Can’t move from one to the other
administrative
professional
Executive
Technical
Clerical
Industrial
Differing views of technical skills, law and classical education (France, Germany, U.K.)

60. Top Administrators a. U.K.- Oxbridge Generalist b. Russia- Engineers
c. France- Legal/Technical
d. Germany/Scandinavia- Legalist
e. U.S.- Products of policy Schools: Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson, Syracuse, Pitt.?

61. Unique U.S. contribution- American Professional Educational system internationalized from the 1950s by Foreign Aid
Concept of training
Public Administration- skills
analogy- business administration and engineering as models
“Technical Assistance” and Development

62. Unique U.S. Contribution, Cont.

63. Unique U.S. Contribution, Cont.
Deep political penetration- note surprise in South Africa
Open system- Concept of representative bureaucracy
Recruitment: The Only Game in Town- Redux

64. Contemporary Policy Issues- Future Topics for Discussion
Organizations, Socialization and Motivation- Status and Role Theory
budgetary decision making- The Fiscus
government reorganization- Public Sector Reform
Decentralization- Grassroots and Local Governance
Civil Society and Social Capital- Pluralism vs. Corporatism
International Development and Foreign Aid- and Foreign and Security Policy - The Three D’s (Defense, Diplomacy and Development

65. Recruiting Bureaucrats: Powerful or Silly?
Video: The Ministry of Silly Walks

66. Discussion of Core Reading
Schiavo-Campo
Terms- Job Classification vs. Performance Management
How is U. S. different from Developing countries
Up or Out: Senior Executive Service
Is working for Government Different?

67. Lemann
What does “The Promised Land” tell us about Federal-Local Government relations?
How are issues of race, gender, language and sexual orientation different and similar (thinking about the Lemman book.
Assess the strengths and Weaknesses of Lemann

68. Picard and Buss How did Foreign Aid Change after Vietnam?
Define “Basic Needs” and “The Reagan Agenda”
What has caused “Donor Fatigue?”
How was Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid changed after September 11?

69. Question/Discussion
What form of bureaucratic recruitment is used in each of your “favorite” countries?