Pre-school children growth & development Lecture 6 Human Growth and Development -NUR 311- Pre-school children growth & development Lecture 6 1 LECTURE 7

General development between ages 3 and 6 years Children between the ages of 3 and 6 change dramatically in five major areas: Emotional , social skills Physical growth Thinking and reasoning skills (called cognitive development) Language development Sensory and motor development.

Emotional and Social development Most children at this age play near each other rather than with each other (this is called parallel play). By age 5, most children seek and enjoy friendships. Two-year-olds start to recognize the differences between boys and girls. LECTURE 7

Cognitive development Physical development Slows down from the rapid growth during infancy. Cognitive development Progresses from a simple to more complex understanding of time, letters, counting, and colors.

Language development By age 2 → can say at least 50 words. By age 3 → can speak between 150 and 200 words → can follow two-part directions, such as "Wash your face and put your shoes away Most 5-year-olds → can carry on a conversation.

Sensory and motor skills Gradually learn to dress themselves and handle their toilet needs independently

Milestones by age

By 3 years age: Understands 3-step instructions knows his or her name, age, and sex. Separates from you easily. Is interested in or has completed toilet training. Uses 4- to 5-word sentences. Jumps, runs, climbs, pedals a tricycle, and kicks a ball.

By 4 years age: Gained about 4.4 lb (2 kg) and grown about 3 in. (8 cm) since turning 3. Can say his or her name, identify some basic colors, and match things that are the same. active imagination Speaks in sentences with at least 5 or 6 words, tells stories. Hops on one foot, rides a tricycle

By 5 years age: Has gained about 4.4 lb (2 kg) and grown about 3 in. (8 cm) since turning 4. Knows his or her address and phone number. Likes to please others and have friends. Most 5-year-olds can dress and undress themselves

Promoting Healthy Growth and Development You guide your children by talking and reading to them, providing opportunities for play.

Promote physical development by: Offering opportunities for exercise. Healthy eating habits.

Promote cognitive development by: Encouraging safe exploration Children who explore learn to master new skills and solve problems. Encouraging a sense of security This sense of trust lays the foundation for learning, social skills, adaptability, and emotional development.

Promote emotional and social development by: Providing peer contact. Children learn to share, cooperate, and negotiate. Promoting self-control. Children need guidance, clear limits. Helping your child build self-esteem Parents have the greatest influence on a child's belief about himself or herself.

Promote language development by: Reading to your child at every age Reading exposes your child to the sounds and rhythm of language. Providing opportunities to talk with others → helps a child to understand and use language.

Promote sensory and motor development by: Providing a wide variety of experiences and play environments. Stimulate your child's senses by introducing new sights, smells, sounds, and tastes as often as you can.

School age children growth & development Lecture 7 GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT (NUR 353) Human Growth and Development -NUR 311- School age children growth & development Lecture 7 17 17 LECTURE 7 17

Who are school-age children? School-age children are those 6 to 12 years of age.

What physical changes occur during the school-age years? Body make-up: child's body continues to change as he grows older. Puberty is the period where the body matures sexually. Body hair starts to grow--- develop breasts---- menstruating Puberty may start as early as seven years of age in girls, and nine years of age in boys

What physical changes occur during the school-age years? Movement skills: Smoothness and speed with physical activities allow him to participate in sports.

What physical changes occur during the school-age years? Weight and height: At the start of the school-age years, a child's height may be about 43 inches. Weight may be about 43 pounds. Later, a child's height may reach 59 inches at age 12. Girls are likely to weigh more than boys. Girls may weigh about 93 pounds while boys may weigh about 89 pounds

What mental changes occur during the school-age years? Reading skills: As early as six years of age, child may be able to read single words and understand what he is reading. Later, he may be able to read fluently and pronounce words correctly.

What mental changes occur during the school-age years? Thinking skills: By the school-age years, child begins to think logically. He is able to follow more complex directions and rules, and solve some problems better.

What mental changes occur during the school-age years? Thoughts and ideas: During the school-age years, child may develop fears of the unknown. Family: As child spends more time with his friends, the influence of family is not as strong as it used to be.

What social changes occur during the school-age years? Friends: He is likely to have same-sex friends. He begins to share secrets with friends he can trust. They support him as he faces other stressful life experiences. School: In school, child becomes eager to learn new things on his own.

What problems may be seen during the school-age years? Emotional problems: The child may get anxious because of school concerns. Lack of sleep: Sleep problems may be caused by breathing problems, too much anxiety, or poor sleep scheduling and practices.

What problems may be seen during the school-age years? Learning difficulties: Problems affecting the brain development Feelings of loneliness and rejection may also decrease child's desire to learn.

What problems may be seen during the school-age years? Poor nutrition or not enough physical activity: Child may prefer fast food or junk food, or lack physical activity. This can result to being underweight, overweight, or at risk of growing overweight. These conditions may lead to medical problems, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.

What problems may be seen during the school-age years? Social problems: This is often seen in children with certain medical conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)

How can we help child during the school-age years? Encourage child to exercise for at least one hour everyday. Encourage child to try different creative activities. These may include working on a hobby or art project. Get involved in child’s activities. Spend time with him Make sure child eats a variety of healthy foods each day. Time out may be used as a way to discipline child.