1. Emotional and social development
From ages 1-3

2. 18 months Become self centered
Self-centered- they think about their own needs and wants and not those of others
Because during infancy, they learned caregivers will meet their needs and desires quickly

3. 18 months Negativism- doing the opposite of what others want
Is normal for toddlers
Causes: desire for independence, frustration over wanting to do more than their bodies and language allows, realization of being a separate person from caregiver

4. Curbing negativism
Give choices
Redirect the child
Encourage talking

5. Emotional roller coaster
18 months- defiant, establishing control
2 years- affectionate, may be in caregiver’s way
2 ½ years- may feel overwhelmed, frustration becomes anger
3 years- generally happy, eager to help
3 ½ years- child is bothered by fears

6. Temper tantrums
Release anger or frustration by screaming, crying, kicking, pounding and holding their breath
Starts around 18 months and stops around 3 or 4
Calmer ages: 2 and 3 years
More frustrations: 18 months 2 ½ years

7. frustrations
18 month old- expressed physically and not directed toward any particular person or thing
3 year old- expressed verbally and less explosively and is directed toward the person or thing that is responsible for the problem

8. Handling frustrations and anger
Use words
Speak calmly
Take deep breaths
Rest for a while
Discuss misbehavior and consequences after child has calmed down

9. Separation anxiety
fear of being away from parents, caregivers, or normal environment
Can upset parents or make them feel guilty
This is a stage that kids will grow out of

10. How to deal with fears
Offer support and understanding without making them feel ashamed
Encourage children to talk about fears
Accept fears rather than confront them
Read books about children who have fears
Make unfamiliar situations more secure
Teach children how to control frightening situations

11. jealousy 18 months jealousy is pronounced Peaks when child is 3
Sibling rivalry- competition between brother or sisters for parents’ affection and attention

12. How to deal with sibling rivalry
Show love and affection to each child
Give each child one-on-one time
Avoid comparing one child with another
Let children take turns
Do not accept tattling
Talk to children about their jealousy

13. Love and affection
Learning to love at ages 1-3 provides foundation for LIFE
Children must learn to love
Empathy- ability to understand how another person feels
Demonstrated at age 2

14. Self concept How children see themselves Positive or negative
Formed in response to the actions, attitudes, and comments of others
ages 1-3 are crucial in this development
Parents are strongest influences on the development of child’s self concept

15. Positive relationships
Important for toddlers to have healthy relationships with parents and siblings as it shapes the relationships that children have later in life
Signs: seeks approval and praise, turns to parents/caregivers for comfort and help, tells caregivers about significant events, accepts limits and discipline

16. Sleep, emotions, and behavior
Importance of adequate sleep
Avoid sleep deprivation to develop and function properly
12-14 hours each night

17. Sleep deprivation Signs: Must be awakened in morning Tired all day
Has trouble thinking
Cranky and hard to get along with

18. How to get adequate sleep
Determine child’s best bedtime
Limit toys in the bed
Establish a bedtime routine
Keep bedtime pleasant

19. socialization Learning how to get along with other people
Starts with own family and then branches out to other groups

20. Parallel play vs. cooperative play
Parallel play- playing near, but not actually with, other children (18 months up to age 3)
Cooperative play- actually playing with another child (age 3 and on)

21. Helping and pleasing others
Age 2- want to please others; sometimes willing to put wishes of someone else ahead of their own
Age 2 ½ - may do something for one person but not for another for no reason; they are beginning to understand fairness
Age 3- will share, help or do things another person’s way just to please them
Age 3 ½ - will share toys and put up with things they don’t like in order to be with someone they like

22. Making Friends Important to normal social development
Children need to feel comfortable with others their own age.
Children need to learn how to handle having their feelings hurt, sharing, not getting their own way
Help children solve problems, disagreements; avoid imposing a solution for them

23. Imaginary friends As early as two; ages 3 and 4 common
Helpful to experiment with different feelings
Seeky and Conquer

24. Guidelines for Guidance
Using firmness and understanding to help children learn how to control their own behavior
Learns self-discipline and a conscience

25. Stages of guidance
12-15 months: distractions and removal from situations
15 months-2 years: spoken restrictions and distractions/removal
2-3 years: spoken commands and simple explanations
3 years: accept reasonable, loving guidance/requests
Consistency helps children know what is expected of them and what responses they can expect from parents

26. Setting limits Show an understanding of child’s desires
Set limits and explain it
Acknowledge the child’s feelings
Give alternatives

27. autonomy Developing independence
Increases confidence and sense of responsibility
Patience is important

28. sharing Encourage activities that require sharing and taking turns
Limit materials so that sharing must occur
Have children take turns handing out snacks
Make clear that you want them to share

29. Aggressive behaviors Biting Hitting Address problem behavior
Try to determine underlying cause