The Progressive Era

The Progressive Era Political, social, and economic change in America at the turn of the 20th century Progressives – those who support reforms. Wanted to make society better through government regulation

Jane Addams Opened Hull House as a settlement house in Chicago. Established in poor neighborhoods Offer assistance to immigrants and underprivileged citizens Provided food, baths, and child care

Prohibition (Temperance) Wanted to eliminate alcohol Many supporters were churchgoers and women Carrie Nation would go into saloons and smash bottles of liquor with a hatchet Eighteenth Amendment – prohibited the making, selling, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Muckrakers Authors and journalists who exposed abuse and corruption in government and big business (coined by Theodore Roosevelt) Ida Tarbell – exposed Standard Oil trusts Sherman Anti-Trust Act Law that made it illegal to form monopolies and trusts that limited free trade Upton Sinclair – wrote “The Jungle” which exposed the meat packing industry Led to Federal Meat Inspection Program

Women’s Suffrage Most recognizable leaders were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Began at the Seneca Falls Convention with Elizabeth Cady Stanton Both Stanton and Anthony established the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Women’s Suffrage Susan B. Anthony traveled west to pressure states to allow women the right to vote. She voted illegally in 1872 and was arrested Western states began allowing women the right to vote in the early 1900s 1920 Nineteenth Amendment was passed Gave women the right to vote

Racial Issues 80% Lived in rural southern areas Sharecroppers Jim Crow laws – required segregation of blacks and whites. Blacks were restricted from using the same public facilities. Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court upheld segregation as long as the facilities and services were equal. In reality they were not equal. Facilities for whites were usually superior.

Booker T. Washington Washington was educated at the Hampton Institute. Became a janitor at the school to help pay his way – eventually granted a scholarship Established the Tuskegee University Focused on training African Americans in agricultural pursuits. Pushed for the self improvement of blacks http://www.biography.com/people/booker- t-washington-9524663#synopsis

Racial Issues Many white progressives supported segregation and believed that African Americans would develop and advance culturally in their own society. W.E.B. DuBois was the first black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard and rejected segregation. Believed that blacks must be politically, socially, and legally active in order to obtain true equality

Racial Issues W.E.B. DuBois helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Organization devoted to the progress of the African-American community The Crisis – Official magazine of the NAACP

Political Reforms Political corruption was a major issue of the day. Through progressive reforms the Seventeenth Amendment passed. US senators would be elected by the people rather than state legislatures. Initiative, Recall, and Referendum Initiative – citizens could force a vote on an issue if enough citizens signed a petition. Citizens started a bill. Recall – Citizens could hold special elections to remove corrupt officials from office before their term was up Referendum – Proposed legislative measure can be decided by popular vote rather than state legislatures.

Progressive Amendments 16th – Income tax on individuals and businesses 17th – US senators elected directly by the people 18th – Banned the making, selling, and transportation of alcohol 19th – Right to vote for women

Theodore Roosevelt The Square Deal was Roosevelt’s domestic policy in which he pledged not to favor one group of Americans, but would be fair to all. Simplified as the 3 C’s: Controlled the corporations (1st to really enforce the Sherman Anti- Trust Act) Consumer protection Conservation of natural resources Established the National Forrest Service

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