Noun Clauses Chapter 14

Noun Clauses – Introduction (14-1) Verbs are often followed by objects. The object is usually a noun phrase: She studies three languages. He knows her brother. Some verbs can be followed by a noun clause (instead of just a phrase): She learned why the sky is blue. He knows where her brother lives.

Noun Clauses – Introduction (14-1) Like the other clauses we have looked at (time clauses, if- clauses, adjective clauses), noun clauses have a subject + verb Noun clauses can begin: With a question word: I want to know HOW SHE DID THAT. Jane wants to know WHY HER BOYFRIEND CHEATED. With if or whether: She is considering IF SHE SHOULD MOVE OR NOT. He is wondering WHETHER HE WILL PASS HIS CLASS. With that: I know THAT YOU DID NOT MEAN TO FORGET YOUR HOMEWORK. She realized THAT SHE ACCIDENTLY CHOSE THE WRONG ANSWER.

Identify the noun clause (if there is one) Where are the Smiths living? I don’t know where the Smiths are living. We don’t know what city they moved to. We know that they moved a month ago. Are they coming back? I don’t know if they are coming back.

Question Word Noun Clauses (14-2) These question words can be used to introduce (at the very beginning of) a noun clause: When, Where, Why, Who, Who (Whom), What, Which, Whose Question word order is NOT used in a noun clause!!!: When is the next class over? Vs. I will help you WHEN THE NEXT CLASS IS OVER. Notice: WHEN is just being used like a time word at the beginning of a time clause – the rest of the noun clause just uses the same word order as a regular clause.

Question Word Noun Clauses (14-2) A noun or pronoun that follows BE as a main verb in a question come before BE in a noun clause: In other words, if there is a noun after BE in the question, to make the question a noun clause, move the BE verb to the end of the question: Who is that boy? (question) Who that boy is (noun clause) What is that smell? (question) What that smell is (noun clause)

Question Word Noun Clauses (14-2) A question made of a main BE verb + prepositional phrase can be used as a noun clause with no change in word order: Who is on the phone? I don’t know who is on the phone. Whose dirty dishes are on the table? I want to know whose dirty dishes are on the table. They are in trouble!

Question Word Noun Clauses (14-2) When the question word is the subject of the question, the word order for the question and the word order for the noun clause are the same. Who came late? Please tell me who came late. What happened? I’ve got to know what happened! Why won’t you tell me?

Whole Class Practice: Decide if each is a noun clause or question Whole Class Practice: Decide if each is a noun clause or question. If a noun clause, add “I don’t know” __________________ why he left. __________________ why did he leave? __________________ where she is living. __________________ where is she living.

________________ where did Nick go ________________ where Nick went ________________ what time the movie begins ________________ what time does the movie begin ________________ why is Yoko angry ________________ why Yoko is angry

Practice Complete Exercises 5, 7, 9, p. 372-378

Noun Clauses That Begin With THAT (14-4)

Noun Clauses That Begin With IF/WHETHER (14-3) Yes/No questions can be changed to noun clauses by starting the clause with IF or WHETHER. Examples: Is Anna passing? I don’t know IF ANNA IS PASSING. Does that dog need a lot of exercise? I don’t know IF THAT DOG NEEDS A LOT OF EXERCISE.

Noun Clauses That Begin With IF/WHETHER (14-3) WHETHER has the same meaning as IF: Are they going to the movie? Do you know IF THEY ARE GOING TO THE MOVIE? Do you know WHETHER THEY ARE GOING TO THE MOVIE? Is Alex taking Chemistry 101 this semester? I wonder IF Alex is taking Chemistry 101 this semester. I wonder WHETHER Alex is taking Chemistry 101 this semester.

Noun Clauses That Begin With IF/WHETHER (14-3) With IF/WHETHER, sometimes the expression OR NOT is added at the end of the noun clause. OR NOT doesn’t change the meaning of the noun clause. Is she coming? I wonder IF SHE IS COMING. I wonder IF SHE IS COMING OR NOT. I wonder WHETHER SHE IS COMING. I wonder WHETHER SHE IS COMING OR NOT.

Turn the yes/no ? Into a noun clause: Is Carl here today? Can you tell me _______________________ Will Mr. Piper be at the meeting? Do you know _______________________ Did Niko go to work yesterday? I wonder ______________________________

Is there going to be a windstorm tonight? I’m not sure _______________________________ Do you have Yung Soo’s email address? I don’t know _______________________________

Practice Complete Exercise 12, p. 377 Complete Exercise 13, p. 378 – Write your answers

Noun Clauses That Begin With THAT (14-4) A noun clause can be introduced by the word THAT: I think THAT THE TEST IS GOING TO BE TOMORROW. I realize THAT YOU THINK YOU HAVE TOO MUCH HOMEWORK. This paper proves THAT IT IS BETTER TO HAVE DOGS THAN CATS. The word THAT at the beginning of a noun clause can often be omitted, especially in speaking: I think THE TEST IS GOING TO BE TOMORROW. I realize YOU THINK YOU HAVE TOO MUCH HOMEWORK. This paper PROVES IT IS BETTER TO HAVE DOGS THAN CATS> See p. 379 for a list of common verbs followed by That-clauses.

Whole Class Practice Write a sentence with a That-clause to answer each question: What have you noticed about English grammar? What have you heard in the news recently? What did you dream recently? What do you believe about people? What can scientists prove? What can’t scientists prove?

Practice Complete Exercise 16, p. 379

Other Uses of That-Clauses (14-5) That-clauses can follow certain expressions with: Be + Adjective: I am afraid that you missed the test. He was happy that he passed the test. Be + Past Participle: He was disappointed that he didn’t get an A on the test. She was surprised that she got 100% on the test. Two common expressions followed by That-clauses are: It is true: It is true that the Earth is round. It is true that the sun sets in the west. It is a fact: It is a fact that the Earth is round. It is a fact that the sun sets in the west. A list of common expressions followed by that-clauses can be found on p. 380 in your book

Listening Practice Complete Exercise 21, p. 381

Practice Complete Exercise 19, p. 380-381

Substituting SO for a That-Clause in Conversational Responses (14-6) Think, believe, and hope are frequently followed by SO in conversational English responses to yes/no questions Is that Rick’s Car? I think so. / I believe so. Are you going to pass your English class? I hope so! They are alternatives to yes, no, or I don’t know. SO replaces a That-clause: I think THAT IS RICK’S CAR. I hope THAT I AM GOING TO PASS MY ENGLISH CLASS.

Substituting SO for a That-Clause in Conversational Responses (14-6) The negative forms of think and believe are: Do not think so: Is that Amy? I don’t think so. Amy doesn’t have red hair. Do no believe so: Do we have a test Thursday? I don’t believe so. We just had one last week! The negative forms of hope: Hope not Is your presentation today? I hope not! I forgot my USB drive. NOTE: I don’t hope so (incorrect)

Substituting SO for a That-Clause in Conversational Responses (14-6) Other common conversational responses: I guess so / I guess not Do you want to go to the movie tomorrow? I guess so. I have nothing better to do. I suppose so / I suppose not Are your taking level 4 next semester? I suppose so. I need to take it before starting my academic classes.

Practice Complete Exercise 23, p. 382-383

Quoted Speech (14-7) Sometimes we want to quote a speaker’s words – to write their exact words in our own writing. Exact quotations are used in many kinds of writing, such as newspaper articles, stories, novels, and academic papers (like your essays for writing class). When we quote a speaker’s words, we use quotation marks: Walt Disney said, “There is more treasure in books than in all the pirate’s loot on Treasure Island.”

Quoted Speech (14-7) To write a quotation: Introduce the quotation with the author’s name and the verb “said” My teacher said Add a comma after said My teacher said, Add quotation marks My teacher said, “ Capitalize the first word of the quotation My teacher said, “Some Write the quotation and add the final period My teacher said, “Some grammar rules make no sense. Add quotation marks AFTER the final period My teacher said, “Some grammar rules make no sense.”

Quoted Speech (14-7) When there are two or more sentences in a quotation, put the quotation marks at the beginning and end of the whole quote. DO NOT put quotation marks around each sentence. My teacher said, “Some grammar rules make no sense. Unfortunately, we still have to learn them.” If a quotation ends with a question mark, put the final quotation marks AFTER the question mark – the same as if the quotation ended with a period. Mike asked, “What’s an example of a grammar rule that makes no sense?”

Quoted Speech (14-7) The author (or speaker’s) name and the reporting verb SAID can come after the quotation: “Some grammar rules make no sense,” my teacher said. Notice that a comma is used at the end of the quoted sentence because the end of the sentence is after the quotation. When the quotation is a question, a question mark is still used: “What’s an example of a grammar rule that makes no sense?” Mike asked.

Whole Class Practice Make a sentence in which you quote the speaker’s exact words. Use said or asked for the reporting verb. Ann: My sister is a student Ann: Is your brother a student?

Rita: We’re hungry. Rita: Are you hungry too? Rita: Let’s eat. The food is ready. John F. Kennedy: Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.

Practice Complete Exercises 27 and 28, p. 385-386

Quoted Speech vs. Reported Speech (14-8) Quoted speech = giving a speaker’s EXACT words. Quotation marks ARE used. The teacher said, “I am happy with everyone’s test grades.” The student asked, “Did I pass the test?” Reported speech = giving the idea of a speaker’s words. NOT all of the EXACT words are used: pronouns and verb forms may be changed. Quotation marks are NOT used. The teacher said (that) she was happy with everyone’s test grades. He asked if he passed the test.

Practice Complete Exercise 30, p. 387

Verb Forms in Reported Speech (14-9) In formal English, if the reporting verb is past tense (said), the verb in the noun clause is also changed to its past form: I watch TV everyday = She said she watched TV everyday. I am watching TV = She said she was watching TV. I watched TV = She said she had watched TV. I will watch TV = She said she would watch TV.

Verb Forms in Reported Speech (14-9) In informal (spoken) English, often the verb in the noun clause is NOT changed to its past form, especially when words are reported SOON after they are said. John: I am skipping class next week. What did John just say? He said he is skipping class next week. (informal) He said he was skipping class next week (formal)

Verb Forms in Reported Speech (14-9) If the reporting verb is present tense (says), no change is made to the verb in the noun clause. Teacher: The Earth is round. The teacher says the Earth is round. Textbook: -ed is added to a verb to make it past tense. The textbook says –ed is added to a verb to make it past tense.

Verb Forms in Reported Speech (14-9) See p. 388 for examples of quoted, formal reported, and informal reported speech in all verb forms we have studied. A smart student will be VERY familiar with this chart by the time we have our test.

Practice Complete Exercises 32 and 33, p. 388-389

Common Reporting Verbs (14-10) A main verb that introduces quoted/reported speech is called a “reporting verb.” Say (said/says) is the most common reported verb, and is usually followed immediately by a noun clause. Say + Noun Clause He said he would go to the store after work. The teacher said Jane needs to study harder. Tell is also commonly used. Tell must be followed immediately by a pronoun or noun object and then by a noun clause: Tell + noun/pronoun + Noun Clause He told me he would go to the store after work. The teacher told Jane she needs to study harder.

Common Reporting Verbs (14-10) Asked is used to report questions: The teacher asked if anyone knew the answer. (asked + noun clause) Mary asked the teacher if we are having a test next week. (asked + noun/pronoun + noun clause) Want to know, Wonder, and Inquire are also used to report questions: He wants to know if we are having a test tomorrow. He wonders if we are having a test tomorrow. He inquired if we are having a test tomorrow. Reporting Verb + Noun Clause

Common Reporting Verbs (14-10) Answer and Reply are used to report replies: Jane asked if I was bored in class. I answered that I wasn’t tired. I replied that I wasn’t tired. The teacher asked if I had studied for the test. I answered that I had studied, but not very hard. I replied that I had studied, but not very hard. Other common reporting verbs: Announced, commented, complained, explained, remarked, stated

Practice Complete Exercises 35, 37, 38, 40, and 41 – p. 390-393

Quiz: Using Grammar in Writing Take notes on a short (5 to 10 minute long) conversation you have in ENGLISH with a friend or classmate. Write a paragraph reporting the conversation. (In other words, USE REPORTED SPEECH) Paragraph should be 7 to 10 sentences long Paragraph should be proofread for verb usage, modals, nouns/pronouns, adjective clauses, and article use Due: NEXT CLASS