1. Direct Speech and Reported Speech

2. Direct Speech Quoted speech is EXACTLY what the person said.
Joshua said, “I need to take a taxi.”
Quotation marks are used.
Capitalize the first word of the quoted sentence.
Put the quotation marks outside of the period at the end of the sentence.

3. Direct Speech Examples
“My brother is a student. He is attending a university,” she said.
“My brother is a student,” she said. “ He is attending a university.”
“My brother,” said Anna, “is a student.”
“When will he be here?” Tom asked.
She said, “Watch out!”

4. Reported Speech Reported speech is often also called indirect speech.
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example:
"I'm going to the cinema". He said he was going to the cinema.

5. Sequence of Tenses present simple I'm a teacher.
past simple He said he was a teacher.
present continuous I'm having lunch with my parents.
past continuous He said he was having lunch with his parents.
present perfect simple I've been to France three times.
past perfect simple He said he had been to France three times.
present perfect continuous I've been working very hard.
past perfect continuous He said he had been working very hard.

6. Sequence of Tenses past simple I bought a new car.
past perfect He said he had bought a new car.
past continuous It was raining earlier.
past perfect continuous He said it had been raining earlier.
past perfect The play had started when I arrived.
past perfect The play had started when I had arrived.
past perfect continuous I'd already been living in London for five years.
past perfect continuous I'd already been living in London for five years

7. Sequence of Tenses - Modals
will I'll come and see you soon.
would He said he would come and see me soon.
can I can swim under water for two minutes.
could He said he could swim under water for two minutes.
must All tickets must be bought in advance.
had to He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance.
may May I smoke?
might He asked if he might smoke.

8. Sequence of Tenses - Imperatives
positive imperative Shut up!
tell + infinitive He told me to shut up.
negative imperative Don't do that again!
tell + not + infinitive He told me not to do it again.
imperatives as requests Please give me some money.
ask + infinitive He asked me to give him some money.

9. When verbs don't follow the rules
If the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change in the reported sentence.
Also, a sentence in direct speech in a present or future tense can remain the same if what is said is still true or relevant.
He said, “The trip will be tomorrow.”
He says that the trip will be tomorrow.

10. When verbs don't follow the rules
You've invited someone for dinner at your house, and the phone rings.
They say: I'm sorry, but I think I'm going to be a bit late. There's a lot of traffic.
After you finish speaking on the phone, you say to someone else:
That was Juan. He said he thinks he's going to be late because there's a lot of traffic

11. When verbs don't follow the rules
Direct statements in a past tense do not always change either, because a change might alter the meaning or just make it sound confusing.
“It started raining heavily when I left work.”
He said it had started raining heavily when he had left work (it sounds horrible and the sentence is almost nothing but verbs).

12. When verbs don't follow the rules
“It started raining heavily when I left work.”
He said it had started raining heavily when he left work (is wrong because it means it was already raining when he left work)
He said it started raining heavily when he left work (is the best version because it is accurate, short, and there is no confusion because of the time context)

13. Is the quote correct?
Kathy asked, Is Jim in his office?”
Yes No

14. Is the quote correct?
“I’ll see you soon,” she said.
Yes No

15. Is the quote correct? “Have you finished your exams?,” Mark asked Tom.
Yes No

16. Is the quote correct?
Maria whispered to Mary, “did you study for the test?”
Yes No

17. Tom said, “I am busy.” Tom said that he _____ busy.is
was
were

18. Tom said, “I need some help.” Tom said that he ___ some help.
needed
has needed

19. Tom said, “Don’t move.” Tom told me ____.
Not to move.
I had better not move.

20. Tom said, “I finished an hour ago.” Tom said that he ___ an hour ago.
Had finished
Has finished
Finished
Finishes

21. Tom said, “I will call you tomorrow
Tom said, “I will call you tomorrow.” Tom said that he ____ me the next day.
Am going to call
Was going to call
Would call

22. Tom said, “I have to leave at 8:00
Tom said, “I have to leave at 8:00.” Tom said that he ___ leave at 8:00.
Has to
Must
Had to

23. Tom said, “I watch TV everyday.” Tom says that he ____ TV everyday.
Watched
Will watch
Watches