Kingdom Plantae 12 Phyla (formerly called Divisions) > 270,000 spp <1 mm width to > 100 m (328 ft) height live several weeks to ~ 5K years

Plant Characteristics eukaryotic Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis using green pigments chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b

Plant Classification Non-Vascular Plants Vascular Plants Seedless Ph. Bryophyta (Mosses) Ph. Hepatophyta (liverworts) Ph. Anthocerophyta (hornworts) Vascular Plants Ph. Psilophyta (whisk ferns) Ph. Lycophyta (club mosses) Ph. Sphenophyta (horsetails) Ph. Pteridophyta (ferns) Ph. Cycadophyta (cycads) Ph. Ginkgophyta (ginkgoes) Ph. Coniferophyta (conifers) Ph. Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) Ph. Anthophyta (flowering plants) Seedless no true vascular tissue no true roots, stems, or leaves Gymnosperms Angiosperms True vascular tissue True roots, stems, or leaves

Nonvascular Plants no true vascular tissue no true roots, stems, or leaves Usually grow on land near streams and rivers

Bryophytes (mosses) pioneer plants create soil

Hepatophyta (liverworts) grow in moist, shady areas Live close to the ground to absorb water

Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

Seedless Vascular Plants Dominated the earth until ~2 million years ago Sexual reproduction via spores

Psilophyta (whisk ferns) no true roots or leaves photosynthetic stem

Lycophyta (Club Mosses) look like miniature pine trees once used for Christmas decorations

Sphenophyta - Horsetails jointed photosynthetic stems contain silica scale-like leaves at every joint used by pioneers to scrub pots

Pteridophyta - Ferns

Seeded - Vascular Plants Gymnosperms produce “naked” seeds (not enclosed in fruits) Most are evergreen Most bear seeds in cones

Cycadophyta - Cycads lived at time of dinosaurs ~100 species extant most are tropical grow slowly some live > 1000 years

Ginkgophyta - Ginkgoes

Ginkgophyta -Ginkgoes lived at time of dinosaurs only 1 species living today, Ginko biloba are deciduous

Coniferophyta - Conifers woody scale-like leaves usually have ♂ &♀ cones

Gnetophytes Live in desert, gets most water from condensed fog

Ph. Anthophyta (Angiosperms) flowering plants largest Phylum of plants have a flower and a fruit

Monocots Class Monocotyledones – monocots one cotyledon parallel veins scattered vascular bundles flower parts in3’s

Dicots Class Dicotyledones – dicots 2 cotyledons net venation radial vascular bundles flower parts in 4’s or 5’s