Chapter 6 Collecting Data Susan, Sharen, Dolla

Collecting Data What are the steps in processing quantitative data collection? What should the researcher do in probability and nonprobability sampling? What are the samples for each of quantitative sampling strategies? What are the process in obtaining permissions? What are the types of data that often collected in quantitative research? What instrument will you use to collect data? What are the last three important criteria? (explain each of them) What are the types of reliability and the types of validity? What are the procedures for administering quantitative data collection?

1. What are the steps in processing quantitative data collection? Select the participants for the study. Obtain permission from the participants to be involved in your study. Decide what type or types of data to collect. Locate, modify, or develop instruments that provide these measures. Collecting the data.

2. What should the researcher do in. probability and nonprobability 2. What should the researcher do in probability and nonprobability sampling? Probability Sampling: Selects individuals from the population who are representative of that population. Nonprobability Sampling: Selects individuals because they are available, convenient, and represent some characteristic the investigator seeks to study.

3. What are the samples for each of quantitative sampling strategies? Probability Sampling: Simple Random Sampling Stratified Sampling Multistage Cluster Sampling Nonprobability Sampling: Convenience Sampling Snowball Sampling

4. What are the process on obtaining permissions? Obtain Different Types of Permission: - Institutions or organizations - Specific sites - A participant or group of participants - Parents of participant - The campus on which you conduct the research

Obtain Informed Consent: - Review Board Approval - Process of Obtaining Approval from Review Boards: Start by finding out about the review process used by the institutional review board on your campus. Determine what information the review board needs about your project. Develop an informed consent form for participants to sign before they participate in the study. Submit a description of your proposed study to the institutional review board.

5. What are the types of data that often collected in quantitative research? Performance Measures Attitudinal Measures Behavioral Observations Factual Information Web-Based Electronic Data Collection

6. What instrument will you use to collect data? Locate or develop an Instrument Search for an instrument Criteria for choosing a good instrument Interval/ratio scales

7. What are the last three important criteria? Reliability and Validity Recording Information Scales of Measurement

Reliability Reliability means that scores from an instrument are stable and consistent. Several factors can result in unreliable data: Questions on instruments are ambiguous and unclear. Procedures of test administration vary and are not standardized. Participants are fatigued, are nervous, misinterpret questions, or guess on tests (Rudner,1933).

Validity Validity means that the individual’s scores from an instrument make sense, are meaningful, and enable you, as the researcher, to draw good conclusions from the sample you are studying to the population. A study may have invalid scores because of: 1. A poorly designed study. 2. Participant fatigue, stress, and misunderstanding of questions on the instrument. 3. Inability to make useful predictions from scores. 4. Poorly designed questions or measures variables. 5. Information that has little use and application.

Recording Information The instrument has to contain recording procedures that fit the data you need to answer the research questions or hypotheses.

Scales of Measurements Scales of measurements are response options to questions that measure (or observe) variables in categorical or continuous units. Two basic types of scales of measurement: Nominal Scale is used to provide response options where participants check one or more categories that describe their traits, attributes, or characteristics. Ordinal Scales is used to provide response options where participants rank from the best or most important to worst or least important some trait, attribute, or characteristic.

Types of Reliability

9. What are the procedures for administering 9. What are the procedures for administering quantitative data collection? Standardization Standard procedures is important to be used. When procedures vary, bias into the study will occur, and the data for individuals may not be comparable. Ethical Issues Data collection should be ethical and it should respect individuals and sites. The data must be viewed as confidential and not to be shared with other participants or individuals outside of the project.