Final Exam Review Modern World History

Unit 1 Scientific Revolution & The Enlightenment

*** birthplace was in the Middle East 1. What are the 6 major world religions we discussed? Which of these religions had the Middle East as its birthplace? Hinduism Islam*** Confucianism Buddhism Judaism*** Christianity*** *** birthplace was in the Middle East

#2 What was the Scientific Revolution 1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PROVIDED A new way of thinking about the natural world. It was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

3. EFFECTS ON THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: #3 What were the serious effects of the Scientific Revolution upon the Catholic Church? 3. EFFECTS ON THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: Scientists’ observations didn’t match ancient/Catholic beliefs so they were persecuted by the Church for challenging traditional beliefs!

Examples: Scientific Thinking – in conflict w/church’s authority/teachings Why would the church feel threatened by this new movement? Nicolaus Copernicus:1543 He reasoned that the stars, the earth, and other planets revolved around the sun – Heliocentric theory Johannes Kepler: 1609 Certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. Elliptical orbits instead of circles. Galileo Galilei: 1633 Supported Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory The Law of the Pendulum. Also, built his own telescope. Francis Bacon: 1620 You should draw conclusions by observing and gathering info. Experimental method.

#4 What was the Enlightenment 3. The Enlightenment was an 18th c. European Age of Reason when thinkers applied the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society.

#5 How did Enlightenment ideas challenge the power of absolute rulers? 5. The Enlightenment Philosophes challenged the power of absolute rulers through: Reason – its reasonable and logical that all men are equal Nature – natural rights apply to all human beings Happiness – all humanity deserves to be happy Progress – all men deserve the opportunity to progress Liberty – why can’t all men be free and equal?

Enlightenment Philosophers #6 What were Locke’s beliefs? Voltaire: Mocked the laws and custom of France. Most brilliant and influential. “Tolerance” Montesquieu: French writer devoted to political liberty. “Separations of Power” Rousseau: Committed to individual freedom. “State of Nature” free and equal. Locke: Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, and Property. Fundamental to U.S. Beccaria: Abolishment of Torture. Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights. Hobbes: Social Contract. People created governments. Wollstonecraft: Women’s equality Salons: Weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies. Leading intellectuals, writers, etc. Importance of the Individual!

John Locke’s “2 Treatises on Civil Gov’t” John Locke was an English political thinker of the 1600’s who made conclusions about government and human nature that formed the foundation of modern democracy. This treatise tremendously impacted our Founding Fathers as they wrote the United States Constitution… Man’s Natural Rights are Life, Liberty, Property All People are born Free and Equal Purpose of Government=Protect the Rights’ of People People have the right to rebel against unjust rulers

# 7. What did the beliefs of Enlightenment thinkers bring about in both the Americas and Europe? REVOLUTION! AMERICAN REVOLUTION FRENCH REVOLUTION Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment with its argument for natural rights. France’s Old Regime was ended with the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man that showed the influence of Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution. It stated that men are born and remain free and equal in rights (liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression).

Embraced Enlightenment Ideas like… 8. Who were the Enlightenment Despots? Why did they try to embrace the ideas of the Enlightenment? Absolute Monarchs Embraced Enlightenment Ideas like… Catherine the Great of Russia Frederick the Great of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Religious tolerance Freedom of speech Right to hold private property Right to an education They wanted to appeal to the people by making these reforms, but most still wanted to keep their absolute power!