1. World History II SOL Review
Scientific Revolution - Enlightenment

2. Scientific Revolution
Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
Formulation of the scientific method
Expansion of scientific knowledge

3. Scientists Copernicus – heliocentric theory
Kepler – planetary motion (planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits)
Galileo – used telescope to support the heliocentric theory
Harvey – circulation of blood

4. Heliocentric Theory

5. Absolutism
Definition – a monarch who has complete control over the country and people (centralization of power) + divine right (power to rule comes from God)
Peter the Great – westernization of Russia
Louis XIV – Palace of Versailles (symbol of royal power)/Sun King
Frederick the Great – military power

6. Absolutism

7. Enlightenment
Definition – applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world
Results – stimulated religious tolerance + fueled democratic revolutions around the world (American Revolution, French Revolution, and Latin American Revolutions)

8. Thomas Hobbes Wrote Leviathan State of nature – people are evil
Social Contract – people give up nature and form governments to control them (absolute monarchs)

9. John Locke Wrote Two Treatises on Government
Power to rule comes from the people
Monarchs are not chosen by God
Social Contract – people form governments to protect their rights (life, liberty, and property)

10. Montesquieu Wrote The Spirit of the Laws Separation of powers
Checks and balances

11. Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract
Government is a contract between people and rulers
General Will – majority rules

12. Voltaire
Separation of church and state
Freedom of speech