Bell Ringer 2/10/16 Write one question you think will be on the test tomorrow.

Pharaohs of Egypt

Pharaohs Kings of Egypt. “Pharaoh” used by the Greeks and Hebrews. The title “Pharaoh used in the Old Testament. The first kings of Egypt were some of the most famous gods.

Responsibility Of Pharaohs Ruled with absolute power Few people challenged them. Expected to rule subject to Ma’at. Ma’at was the goddess and symbol of the equilibrium of the universe. Expected to govern according to the principles of Ma’at. Any King that attempted to radically change society would be seen as destroying the equilibrium that was so important to Egyptian tradition.

Succession Pharaoh passed on the throne to the eldest son born of the Principal Queen or Great Royal Wife. Was quick to demonstrate that he was the “chosen” heir. Owned all of the land, people, and possessions in Egypt. Personal wealth enjoyed by Egyptians people was considered a result of the king’s generosity.

Major Male Pharaohs There were several Pharaohs of Egypt. However, we will focus on the main male Pharaohs: Menes Tuthmose III Akhenaton Djoser Ramses II Khufu Tutankhamen

Menes Founding King of the 1st Dynasty Ruled between 3100-2850 B.C.E Unified Upper and Lower Egypt into one Kingdom Ancient Egypt’s form of a civilization began with King Menes. He created the city of Memphis. it was a good place to defend against any attacks. Expanded his kingdom Developed commercial trade links.

Menes His chief wife was Queen Berenib she wasn’t the mother of his heir: Djer. The mother of Djer was Neithotepe, Menes’ other wife. He died at the age of 63. According to legend he was attacked by wild dogs or Nile crocodiles at Faiyum. Died leaving behind the legacy of a powerful civilization. His tomb lays at Saqqara the farmed area of Memphis.

Tuthmose III The son of Tuthmose II and Isris When his father died, his stepmother, Hatsheput, took charge. She was Tuthmose III co-regent and for 20 years When she died, Tuthmose III came to the throne. He destroyed many of Hatsheput’s statues, monuments, and buildings.

Tuthmose III Remembered for his successful military campaigns. Numerous victories against Syria, Libya, and Nubia. Married several foreign princesses, for diplomatic reasons. His chief queen was Hatsheput-Merytre. Established Egypt as a powerful military strength. Died after reigning for 55 years Buried in the Valley of the Kings.

Akhenaton Original name was Amonhotep IV. Reigned 1350-1334 B.C.E Changed the Egyptian supreme god from Amon-Re to Aton. Changed his name to Akhenaton “he who serves Aton”. First attempt at radically changing the Egyptian religion

Akhenaton Wife was Nefertiti known for her beauty. Is remembered for trying to introduce monotheism to Egypt. Monotheism means the worship of only one god: Aton. Not sure how Akhenaton died. After his reign Egypt returned back to their old Gods and polytheism.

Djoser Reigned for about 19 years. His right hand man, Imhotep, Imhotep came up with the idea of the step pyramid. Design consisted of six giant steps and contained many chambers and secret tunnels. Extended the Egypt’s southern border all the way to the Nile’s first cataract. Left behind the legacy of the step pyramid, which was the basis for all other pyramids to come.

Ramses II Went to the throne at the age of 20 Reigned for 67 years. Second longest reign for any Egyptian King. Remembered for constructing many architectural marvels. Constructed more colossal statues than any other Egyptian King. Two of his greatest monuments are the two huge temples at Abu Simbel.

Ramses II Had many military victories. Not long after the reign of Ramses II, Egypt was invaded and eventually fell to the rule of foreigners. Excelled in architecture but he also had a great number of wives. Had over 100 children! After his death, Ramses’ son, Menataph, became the heir to the throne.

Khufu Lived from 2589-2566 B.C.E Reigned for around 24 years Remembered for building the Great Pyramid of Giza The pyramid originally stood 482 feet tall Had many sons the one chosen to be his successor was Djedefre Left behind the legacy of the Great Pyramid

Tutankhamen Came to the throne at a very young age. Father is believed to be Akhenaton, Helped restore Egypt's old beliefs from when his father tried to make Egypt a monotheistic society. Died suddenly at the young age of 18. Laid in a tomb of a member of the nobility. Famous today because his tomb was found by archaeologist, Howard Carter. Some believe it was the most important archaeological find in history.

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