1. Rulers of Ancient Egypt
Land of the Pharaohs
Rulers of Ancient Egypt

2. Pharaohs Pharaohs were considered both divine deities & mortal rulers
30+ dynasties, more than 170 rulers spanning 3000 years
The throne was intended to be passed from father to son
not always the case

3. Pharaohs Ruled between 3150 B.C. and 30 B.C. New Family = New Kingdom
Ended when Rome conquered Egypt
New Family = New Kingdom
Rulers intermarried with relatives to keep the throne within the family
Control of Egypt still changed hands
“pharaoh” means the “great house” and refers to the royal palace

4. Timeline 3100 – 2686 BCE Early Dynastic Period
2686 – 2181 BCE Old Kingdom
2181 – 2055 BCE 1st Intermediate Period
2055 – 1650 BCE Middle Kingdom
1650 – 1550 BCE 2nd Intermediate Period
1550 – 1069 BCE New Kingdom
1069 – 664 BCE 3rd Intermediate Period
664 – 332 BCE Late Period
525 – 332 BCE Achaemenid Egypt
332 – 30 BCE Ptolemaic Egypt

6. Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom
United Under…
King Menes
King Mentuhotep
Pharaoh Ahmose I
Capital
Memphis
Thebes
Age of…
 “Age of Pyramids”     Construction     Egyptian Art    Sculptures 
"Golden Age“
Stability           Territorial expansion           
"Imperial Age"      Expansion period     Military conquest Peak of power Prosperous 
Pharaoh
Burial Location
 Pyramids 
Hidden tombs
 The Valley of the Kings
Pharaohs
inaccessible god-king who rules absolutely over his people
the “shepherd of his people” with the task to build public works and produce for the welfare of the state
a leader and ruler of an empire, but also as an important figure in religion and religious practice

7. Menes Early Dynastic Period- started First Dynasty
Founded City of Memphis
good location
Strong defensive position
unify upper and lower Egypt

8. Popular Pharaohs Djoser Thutmose III Amenhotep III
ruled during the Old Kingdom
built the first true stone pyramid, the Step Pyramid
Thutmose III 
ruled 1479–1425 BCE
6th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty.
created the largest empire ever in Egypt’s History
Amenhotep III 
ruled 1391–1353 BCE
9th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty
ruled during the peak of Egypt's power.

9. Popular Pharaohs Hatshepsut Akhenaten Khufu
ruled 1478 – 1458 BCE during the New Kingdom
2nd Female ruler
organized military campaigns & trade expeditions for exotic goods
Akhenaten 
ruled 1353 –1336 BCE during the New Kingdom
forbid the worship of the old gods
worship of his god, Aten.
Khufu 
ruled during the Old Kingdom
built the Great Pyramid

10. Popular Pharaohs Ramses II Ramses III Cleopatra VII
Ruled 1279–1213 BCE during the New Kingdom
many of his building projects still standing today
sired over 100 children with more than a dozen wives
Ramses III 
Ruled 1186–1155 BCE the last king of the New Kingdom
saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power
He was murdered by one of his wives
Cleopatra VII 
51–12 BCE Ptolemaic Egypt, last pharaoh
ruled beside three pharaohs
lover of Julius Caesar & Marc Antony
After rule, Egypt became Province of Rome

11. Popular Pharaohs Tutankhamun “King Tut” 1332–1323 BCE, New Kingdom
after death of Akhenaten (Father)
restored capital to Thebes and worship of the old gods
Pharaoh at 9, Died at 18
Death
Not an Assassination
combined effects of Malaria, broken leg, genetic defects (parents were siblings)
Tomb discovered in 1907 (Valley of the Kings) by Howard Carter
Most complete Egyptian Burial Tomb ever discovered

12. Crowns White Crown - the crown of Upper Egypt
Red Crown - the crown of Lower Egypt
Double Crown - the combined crown of Upper and Lower Egypt which symbolized the pharaoh’s control of both regions
Blue Crown - wore in battle and during some ceremonies.

13. Capitals Memphis Thebes Alexandria Akhetaten Old Kingdom
built at the mouth of the Nile Delta
important trade center, necropolis includes Pyramids of Giza
Thebes
Middle and New Kingdoms
Necropolis includes Valley of the Kings
Alexandria 
Founded by Alexander the Great
Ptolemaic period
rulers built the Great Lighthouse and the Library
Akhetaten
the capital of Egypt during the reign of Akhenaten
abandoned after his death.

14. Burial
believed the body's preservation = the soul’s survival in the afterlife.
pharaohs began building tomb soon after assuming the throne
contained a wide variety of goods:
clothes, furniture, games and jewelry
priests began burying them with items made for the afterlife
Clay figurines to serve the pharaoh, food, and oil
Style of Tombs changed due to Grave Robbers
Underground tombs offered more protection