Rulers of Russia and Central Europe Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Monarchy of Ivan IV Peter the Great Faces of History: Peter the Great Catherine the Great Map: The Expansion of Russia

Rulers of Russia and Central Europe Preview, continued Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe Map: Central Europe Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of Spain’s Golden Century

Austria & Prussia Main Idea Reading Focus The czars of Russia struggled with the westernization of their empire, while powerful families battled for control of Central Europe. Reading Focus How did Ivan IV strengthen the Russian monarchy? What reforms did Peter the Great make in Russia? How did the rule of Catherine the Great affect Russia? What states formed in Central Europe in the 1600s and 1700s?

Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia The Age of Absolutism Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia Witness History Audio: War Rages in Germany The Thirty Years’ War Ravages Europe The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars that began with an act of violence by Protestants who were against Catholic rule in Bohemia. This sparked a revolt and, with the establishment of allies on both sides, a widespread European war. It wasn’t always Catholics against Protestants, as some rulers shifted sides to suit their ambitions. After many deaths, the Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the fighting, with France emerging as a winner and the Holy Roman Empire separating into nearly independent states. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask students to describe living under such conditions for 30 years. Then have them name some of the factors that would make it difficult for a society to recover from this level of devastation. When showing Color Transparency 98, as students why the empire was difficult to rule and vulnerable to war. Point out that it really looked like a patchwork quilt. Color Transparency 98: The Holy Roman Empire Geography Interactive: Europe After the Thirty Years’ War (1648) 1 of 6

Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe 1500s, 1600s Central European rulers never became absolute monarchs Holy Roman Empire headed by single emperor, but did not have total authority Imperial Power Holy Roman Empire included dozens of small states Each had own ruler who fought vigorously against increased imperial power Hapsburg Family Since 1450s, all Holy Roman Emperors came from single family—the Hapsburgs 1600s, Thirty Years’ War began Continent-Wide Affair Attempt by Hapsburg emperor to exert authority launched war Alliances between Hapsburgs, other European monarchs, made war continent-wide affair

The Thirty Years War Catholics against Protestants Religious Revolt War began as religious dispute 1618, official representing Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, a Catholic, ordered two Protestant churches in Prague be shut down Religious Revolt Local Protestants furious, threw emperor’s representatives out palace windows onto rubbish heap Emperor’s attempt to control religion sparked revolt throughout region Rebellion Grew Nobles from 2 German states rebelled against emperor; nobles from other states soon joined them Rulers of other countries became involved as well

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Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia The Age of Absolutism Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia Hapsburg Austria Changes Its Focus The Hapsburgs tried to control the diverse peoples in the empire and settled Austrians in Bohemia and Hungary. They never succeeded in establishing a centralized government, however. Maria Theresa ruled after Charles VI, but she was unable to keep Frederick II of Prussia from seizing Silesia. Note Taking Transparency 118 Hohenzollern Prussia Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask students to describe living under such conditions for 30 years. Then have them name some of the factors that would make it difficult for a society to recover from this level of devastation. When showing Color Transparency 98, as students why the empire was difficult to rule and vulnerable to war. Point out that it really looked like a patchwork quilt. The Hohenzollern family ruled the new Protestant state of Prussia. Frederick William I reduced the power of the nobles by having them work for him. His army was one of the best trained in Europe. 2 of 6

Choosing Sides Treaty and Toleration Monarchs of Spain, also members of Hapsburg family, joined war on Ferdinand’s side King of France, Spain’s rival, joined Protestant opposition Kings of Denmark, Sweden also joined on Protestant side Treaty and Toleration War dragged on until 1648, had devastating effects on Germany Two sides agreed to Treaty of Westphalia to end war Treaty extended religious toleration to both Catholics, Protestants Also reduced even more the power of the Holy Roman Emperor Strengthened rulers of states within it

Austria and Prussia Among the rulers who gained the most from the Treaty of Westphalia were the leaders of Austria and Prussia. Austria was governed by the Hapsburg family, while Prussia’s rulers came from a rival family, the Hohenzollerns. 1740, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died without male heir Before he died, approved document called Pragmatic Sanction, stating empire could be passed to female heir Pragmatic Sanction Charles VI’s daughter Maria Theresa could now take throne Hohenzollerns had different plan Frederick II of Prussia, Frederick the Great, seized Silesia Offered Maria Theresa an alliance Reforms of Ivan IV Frederick promised Maria Theresa to help her husband become the Holy Roman Emperor.

Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe Maria Theresa turned Frederick’s offer down, War of Austrian Succession broke out, 1740 Spain, France, two German states entered war on Prussia’s side Each hoped to gain territory 1748, with so much against her, Maria Theresa asked for peace Prussia kept Silesia, putting Prussia in position of real power

Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia The Age of Absolutism Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia The Rivalry of Great Powers Among the great rivalries in the mid 1700s were those between Prussia and Austria over control of the German states and between Britain and France over the extent of their overseas empires. QuickTake Section Quiz Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask students to describe living under such conditions for 30 years. Then have them name some of the factors that would make it difficult for a society to recover from this level of devastation. When showing Color Transparency 98, as students why the empire was difficult to rule and vulnerable to war. Point out that it really looked like a patchwork quilt. Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 6

Continued Rivalry Another War Prussia Rebounds Prussia’s victory only intensified rivalry between Austria and Hungary Not long until war broke out again 1756, Seven Years’ War began On one side Prussia, Great Britain; on the other Austria, France, Russia Another War During first part of war, Prussia on verge of defeat; at one point Austrian, Russian forces occupied capital of Berlin Russia pulled out, allowing Prussia to regain strength, eventually becoming strongest military power in Europe 1763, war ended, but rivalry far from over; struggle for control of Central Europe continued Prussia Rebounds

What were three wars that affected Central Europe? Recall What were three wars that affected Central Europe? Answer(s): Thirty Years’ War, War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years’ War

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