Unit 7 PowerPoint Part One

Expansion and Reform (1801-1850) - The learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.  Analyze the effects of territorial expansion and the admission of new states to the Union. Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language. Distinguish between the economic and social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism. Assess political events, issues, and personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.

Objectives, continued Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness. Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements and issues.

Industry and Transportation New ways of transporting and manufacturing goods helped to usher in the industrial revolution in America. This course would shape America’s future in many ways.

Transportation Revolution Improving the roads included development of turnpikes – roads users paid a toll to access. The National Road was built, made of crushed rock. It was the most advanced road in the United States at the time. The road was paid for by the federal government and connected Maryland to the Ohio River (present-day West Virginia).

Steamboat Travel First major development in travel Used wood or coal to run the engine (created steam) Robert Fulton designed the first commercially successful steamboat, called the Clermont. Made it easier to travel upstream Steam-powered ships also revolutionized transatlantic travel.

The Erie Canal Canal network grew from 100 miles in 1816 to 3300 miles in 1840. The Erie canal ran 363 miles across New York State from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. This helped New York City become the nation’s greatest commercial center.

Erie Canal

Railroads Technology was largely developed in Great Britain, but began to appear in the U.S. in the 1820s. Horses pulled the first trains. Steam-powered engines soon took over. Railroads cost less to build and could more easily get over hills. Trains moved faster than ships and could carry more weight. The RR industry was the first big business in America. It led to a decline in the canal industry.

Railroads in America

Industrial Revolution Samuel Slater opened the first textile mill. He used his knowledge of the textile machinery to build America’s first water-powered textile mill in 1793 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. These factories used the family-system; whole families were employed in the mills and settled in villages owned by factory owners and located around the mills.

The Lowell Mills Francis Cabot Lowell developed another system in Massachusetts. He opened a mill at Waltham, Massachusetts. The system employed young, single women recruited from area forms. They were called the “Lowell girls”; they lived in company-owned boardinghouses and followed strict rules of behavior.

Lowell Mill

The Impact of the Factory System Machines increased the work pace. Labor was divided in to many small tasks Reduced the amount of skilled workers needed. Owners benefited because untrained workers were more numerous and cost less to employ.

Inventions Eli Whitney- cotton gin- designed to make it faster to gin cotton; should have reduced the need for slaves, but actually led to an increase in slave labor. Elias Howe, Jr. – sewing machine I.M. Singer- made improvements on the sewing machine design by adding a foot treadle. Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper Samuel F.B. Morse – telegraph and Morse Code John Deere – steel plow

Impact of Inventions Interchangeable parts led to greater efficiency; Eli Whitney was the inventor of this. The telegraph greatly improved communication and helped to unite areas of the country. Agriculture remained the largest industry in the U.S. for the time. This was, in part, because of new Midwestern farms, new methods of planting and harvesting, and new inventions (such as steel plow and mechanical reaper).

Sectional Differences In the first half of the 1800s, the North and the South developed in very different ways.

North and South Embraced industrialization Northeast had greater access to capital resources Cheap labor was available to work in factories Rivers provided water power for factories Remained primarily agricultural Land and climate favored farming Slave labor Cotton became “King” Plantations in Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas began to grow cotton.

North and South Reduced the need for skilled labor Unions formed Middle class grew Immigration led to a boost in population (new immigrants were primarily Catholic or Jewish) Favored strong central government Favored tariffs Filled a growing demand from textile factories and the Northeast and Europe Too dependent on a cash crop Plantations dispersed the population. Did not attract immigrants for cheap labor Because of the use of slave labor, there was little consumer demand. Favored states rights Against tariff due to dependency on imports

Social Issues that Impacted Sectionalism Slavery – tensions over slavery continued as the South remained agricultural and the North industrialized. People in the North were beginning to see slavery as a moral issue and were calling for abolition. Nativism – Immigrants tended to settle together in poorer neighborhoods where there was a shared culture.

Nativism, continued Between 1825 and 1855, more than 5 million immigrants came to the U.S. Most were from western Europe. Many were Roman Catholic, and became targets of the Protestants. Northern industries began to depend on immigrants for cheap labor; however, Northerners also felt that the immigrants competed for the jobs that were available in the North.

Nativism, continued Immigrants often suffered discriminatio an violence. The Know-Nothing Party formed as a secret society to fight against immigrants. By 1850, Know-Nothing candidates were actually winning some state elections. However, by 1861, the party had died out for the most part.

Nativism,continued The south feared that the North would get more representatives in Congress since immigrants were causing the North's population to grow rapidly. Immigrants opposed abolition because they feared that freed slaves would move to the North and take their jobs.

Nationalism Following the War of 1812, the nation entered a period known as the Era of Good Feelings (1814-1824). The American System and the Second Bank of the U.S. can be associated with this idea. Also, internal improvements indicate the increased level of nationalism.

Henry Clay’s American System Internal improvements (roads, canals, transportation improvements) Bank of the US Protective tariff

Clay’s American System/Free Enterprise

Supreme Court Cases in the Marshal Court McCulloch vs. Maryland- “sanctity of contracts”) Dartmouth College vs. Woodward – limited the state government’s power to interfere with contracts Fletcher vs. Peck – same concept as above Gibbons vs. Ogden – established that control over interstate commerce belonged to the federal government, not the states

Economic Panics 1819,1837,and 1857 Factory workers lost their jobs. Hurt farmers because demand declined Many blamed the banks, especially the Bank of the U.S.

Foreign Affairs Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 – U.S. gained Florida from Spain, and ended Spanish claims to the Pacific Coast Territory of Oregon. Monroe Doctrine, 1823- warned Europe from intervening into the Western Hemisphere. Implied that the U.S. had the power to police the Americas.

Adams Onis Treaty, 1819

Monroe Doctrine

The Missouri Compromise Maine would come in as a free state. Missouri would come in as a slave state. A line of demarcation would be drawn at 36*30’ N. latitude. Above the line would be closed to slavery; below could be open to slavery. This was a temporary solution. It restored the balance in congress for the moment.