Direct and reported speech

Direct speech Reporting someone’s exact words (in quotation marks) (navođenje nečijih riječi točno kako su izgovorene u navodnicima) She says: ‘I’m a student.’ ↓ She said: ‘I’m a student.’ REPORTING VERB

Reported speech Reporting the meaning of someone’s words, without repeating their exact words (no quotation marks) (prenošenje značenja bez ponavljanja točno izgovorenih riječi i bez navodnika) She says she is a student. She said she was a student.

Changes in reported speech Person: I → he /she , my → his / her Pronouns: this → that Place: here →there Time: now → then, at the time today → that day, on Monday, etc. yesterday → the day before, the previous day tomorrow → the next / following day, on Saturday etc. this week → that week last week → the week before, the previous week an hour ago → an hour before / earlier

Changes in reported speech Verbs: if the reporting verb is in the past (said) verbs move one tense back (backshift), following the sequence of tenses (kada je reporting verb u prošlom vremenu, glagolsko vrijeme se pomiče unatrag prema pravilima o slijedu glagolskih vremena) He said: ‘I have watched this film.’ He said he had watched that film. BACKSHIFT

Changes in reported speech Verbs (tenses) don’t change: - if the reporting verb is in the present (says) - when we talk about something that is still true She says: ‘I work as a secretary.’ She says she works as a secretary. NO BACKSHIFT

Sequence of tenses Present Simple – Past Simple Present Continuous – Past Continuous Present Perfect Simple – Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous Past Simple – Past Perfect Simple Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous will – would can – could may – might

Reporting statements (izjavne rečenice) She says: ‘I want to be a teacher.’ PRES.S. She says she wants to be a teacher. PRES.S. CHANGES: I - she, want - wants He said: ‘I wrote my homework last night.’ PAST S. He said he had written his homework the night before. PAST.PERF. CHANGES: I – he, wrote– had written, my –his, last night – the night before

Reporting statements Complete the sentences: You said: ‘I will call you next week.’ WILL You said you would call me the following week. WOULD CHANGES: I – you, will – would, you –me, next week – the following week They said: ‘We were watching this film yesterday.’ PAST C. They said they had been watching that film the previous day. PAST.PERF.C. CHANGES: We – they, were watching – had been watching, this – that, yesterday – the previous day

Reporting verbs Other reporting verbs can also be used: tell – always used with an indirect object instead of say She told me.... NOT She said to me.... Many verbs are more descriptive than say and tell: explain, promise, invite, insist, admit, complain, offer, warn, refuse... - used when we report the idea, rather than the actual words: He said: ‘I’ll lend you some money.’ He offered to lend me some money.

Reporting offers, orders, requests, suggestions... Claire said: ‘Shall we go to a nightclub?’ Claire suggested going to a club. SUGGESTION We said: ‘We’ll pay for the damage.’ We offered to pay for the damage. OFFER The inspector said: ‘Can I see your ticket please?’ The inspector asked to see my ticket. REQUEST She said to me: ‘Clean your room!’ She ordered me to clean my room. ORDER

Verb patterns verb + sb + infinitive (invite, ask, encourage, remind, tell) I asked him to wash the car. They encouraged her to stay longer. verb + infinitive (promise, offer) He offered to move the boxes. verb + that + clause (explain, complain, admit, agree) They complained that I was late. He agreed that he needed to cut costs.

Verb patterns Complete the sentences: ‘I made a mistake.’ She admitted... PAST S. She admitted that she had made a mistake. PAST PERF. ‘Take your camera.’ They reminded... They reminded her/ him to take her camera. ‘We’ll work hard.’ They promised... They promised to work hard.

Reporting questions When we report questions there is NO INVERSION and NO do/does/did. We use ask, wonder, want to know...as reporting verbs He said: ‘When did you arrive?’ PAST S. He asked me when I had arrived. PAST PERF. NOT when did I arrive or when had I arrived She said: ‘Where’s Tom?’ PRES.S. She wants to know where Tom is. PRES.S. (still true – no backshift)

Reporting questions If there is no question word (Where, When, Who...) we use if or whether. He said: ‘Can I borrow a pen?’ He asked if/whether he could borrow a pen. Complete the sentences: ‘Why did he phone?’ She asked... PAST S. She asked why he had phoned. PAST.PERF. ‘Are you lost?’ They asked... PRES.S. They asked if/whether we were lost. PAST S. ‘When does the game start?’ They wondered... PRES.S. They wondered when the game started. PAST S.