Westernization of Russia 1690-1790

Results of Peter’s Westernization Forms military hierarchy Navy created Bureaucratic changes Noble council replaced by appointed advisors Set up law codes Revised tax system Economy Metallurgy and mining expand State run munitions & shipbuilding Serf labor used in manufacturing Culture Only affected upper class Greater freedom of women Requires nobles to shave beards & dress like Westerners Educational improvements Math & science

Consolidation under Catherine the Great Weak rulers follow after Peter I dies in 1725 Catherine, Peter III’s widow, becomes an effect ruler She becomes Empress in 1762 Resumes Peter the Great’s interests Expand central power after several rebellions

Defeats Napoleon defeated 1812 Embraced Westernization Absolutism Nobles empowered over serfs Bans writings of liberals & democrats after French Revolution Expansion Crimea from Ottomans Extends colonization of Siberia Claim Alaskan territory Explores settle in N. California Partition of Poland Eliminates Poland as an independent state Divides Poland into three partitions among Russia, Austria, & Prussia Defeats Napoleon defeated 1812 1st time Russia moves into heartland of W. Europe

Themes in Early Russia History Serfdom: The life of the Masses During 17th & 18Th centuries power of boyars over serfs increased Most peasants free farmers prior to Mongol rule Serfdom allowed government to placate nobles & control peasants Serfdom extended with expansion

1649 – serfdom becomes hereditary Serfs legally tied to the land and legal rights of landlords increased Very close to slavery Serfs could be bought, sold, punished…. Serfs taxed and policed by landlords Poland, Hungary, and other Eastern European countries mirrored serfdom in Russia

II. Trade and Economic Dependence 95% of population was rural Small merchant class due to fear of social competition by nobility Russian trade controlled by Westerners Relied on Western shipping Produced enough revenue from exports to continue expansion Russia’s population doubles in 18th century Economy advanced

Russia’s economic and social system protested III. Social Unrest Russia’s economic and social system protested Radishev – western oriented aristocrat called for abolition of serfdom Peasant rebellions Pugachev Rebellion 1773-1775 Pugachev was a Cossack who claimed to be the legitimate tsar Promised to end serfdom, taxes, & military conscription Defeated and killed publically in Moscow Catherine the Great & nobility triumph

IV. Russia & Eastern Europe Growing trade with the West sparked cultural exchange Balkans Under Ottoman control Influenced by the Enlightenment Poland Under control of Catholic sphere Internal weakness lead to Partition Many other states such as Hungary & Bohemia lost political autonomy