Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 7 The Infant Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Objectives Define the term infant. State the developmental tasks of infancy. Describe the physical development of infants from 1 month to 1 year of age. Discuss milestones of motor development. Understand five basic guidelines for physical activity for infants. Discuss the development of language. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Objectives (cont.) Describe the theories of Piaget, Freud, and Erikson concerning infant development. Define separation anxiety. Discuss the development of attachment. Describe the basic nutritional needs of infants from 1 month to 1 year of age. List the immunization schedule for infants under 1 year of age. State four safety precautions essential in infant care. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Key Terms autonomy cephalocaudal coping skill defense mechanism development expressive growth infant length nonverbal language norms nursing caries object permanence ordinal position personality pincer action Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Key Terms (cont.) preverbal receptive separation anxiety sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Definitions Infant Growth Development Norms Cephalocaudal Length Defense mechanisms Coping skills Ordinal position Personality Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Critical Thinking Question 1 How should the nurse respond to a father who says his 12-month-old weighs 17 pounds? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Developmental Tasks of Infancy Include Trust versus Mistrust, Intelligence, Emotional Development, Attachment, Language Development, Motor Development, Physical Activity, Autonomy, Sleep Patterns, and Play. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Trust Versus Mistrust The first psychosocial crisis in infancy that must be resolved Trust develops when infants learn that their basic needs will be met Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Understanding Cause and Effect Discovered at an early age A cry elicits a response from adults so the cry becomes a means of communication En face position Object permanence Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Memory Infants can retain memory of a traumatic experience General comforting may not be enough to achieve full emotional recovery Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Emotional Development An infant will mimic the facial expression of the adult Interaction between parent and infant is necessary in the first months of life and is important for later social development Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Attachment Begins long before the infant is born, when the mother feels the fetus moving in the womb Parents slowly develop an instinctive response to infants’ cues Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Critical Thinking Question 3 How should the nurse respond to the mother who says she lacks the energy to cope with her highly active 7-month-old? Give examples of possible assessments and interventions (i.e., maternal depression? anemia? illness? Mother may need treatment or ideas on how to provide more opportunities for active play; “mother’s day out”). Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Separation Anxiety Begins at 6 months of age Infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room By 18 months, memory development helps the child remember the parent's image and to trust that the parent will return after an absence Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Language Development Verbal language is both expressive and receptive Nonverbal language There appears to be an innate ability to develop language skills Preverbal stage of language development First words between 10 and 13 months of age See Figure 7-2. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Motor Development Closely related to the development of perception, emotion, and cognition Many motor skills are dependent on the disappearance of newborn reflexes Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Physical Activity Must be provided with a safe and stimulating environment to move and explore Early motor competence and confidence can contribute to the enjoyment of physical activity throughout childhood and beyond See Figure 7-3 and Box 7-1. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Autonomy Striving for independence starts early in infancy Self-consoling behavior is an early form of independence Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Sleep Patterns A maturing central nervous system combined with parental responses aids in the development of sleep patterns The goal is to help infants develop self-regulatory skills so that they return to sleep without prompting Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Role of Play in Fostering Growth and Development Piaget's sensorimotor theory of development is evident in the infant's play activities According to Freud's theory of development, the infant is in an oral phase By applying learned skills to environmental experiences, children learn about the world around them Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Critical Thinking Question 4 What would be your response to the mother who says she punishes her 8-month-old infant for “eating everything off the floor” and for “dropping food on the floor on purpose just to see me pick it up”? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Health Maintenance Tasks can include Nutrition, Teeth, Immunizations, and Accident Prevention. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Nutrition Proper nutritional intake is essential to support optimum development The newborn has a rooting and sucking reflex Introduction of foods before 6 months of age is not recommended See Cultural Considerations: Breastfeeding (p. 107) Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Critical Thinking Question 5 What nursing care strategies could be implemented when working with a parent who gives the infant a bottle of formula every time the infant cries? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Critical Thinking Question 6 How should the nurse respond to the mother who says she puts her infant to bed each night with a bottle of Kool-Aid? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Teeth Primary or baby teeth begin eruption at 5 to 7 months of age Allow chewing of food Nursing caries Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Immunizations Well-child visits should be scheduled after birth before the newborn is discharged from the hospital Growth, development, health, and nutrition of the infant should be checked every 2 months and appropriate immunizations scheduled See Appendix A. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Accident Prevention Major cause of morbidity and mortality First injury prevention activity for the newborn is the use of car seats Safety Alert (p. 109) Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.