1. Chapter 7
The Infant
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. Definition Infant-period between 4 weeks and 1 year
Growth-indicates increase in size weight and height/length; birth weight will be triple by age of 1 year old
Development-increase in function and mastery of specific phases in lifespan
Growth and development orderly from simple to complex
Cephalocaudal-refers from head to toe
Proximodistal-refers to growth from center of body out to periphery
Development is a lifetime process; interaction among child, parent, and environment
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3. Definition
Defense mechanism-reaction that is protective or helps to conceal conflicts or anxieties Coping skills-behavior that helps an individual adapt or manage a stressful situation Infants thrive with parenteral support and praise; if needs of infant are not met the child may not develop may not be achieved. Ethnic and cultural practices influence nutrition & behavior development Ordinal position has to do with the child’s place in the family Personality is a unique combination of characteristics that result in recurrent pattern of behavior
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4. Developmental Tasks of Infancy
Include Trust versus Mistrust, Intelligence, Emotional Development, Attachment, Language Development, Motor Development, Physical Activity, Autonomy, Sleep Patterns, and Play.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5. Trust Versus Mistrust
Erikson first stage of development according to his theory
The first psychosocial crisis in infancy that must be resolved
Trust develops when infants learn that their basic needs will be met
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6. Understanding Cause and Effect
Discovered at an early age
A cry elicits a response from adults so the cry becomes a means of communication
En face position-first 4 months likes to held up to face to face contact
Object permanence-comes to realize that things do not disappear, but continue to exist; Peek-a-Boo
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7. Memory Infants can retain memory of a traumatic experience
General comforting may not be enough to achieve full emotional recovery
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

8. Emotional Development
An infant will mimic the facial expression of the adult
Interaction between parent and infant is necessary in the first months of life and is important for later social development
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

9. Attachment
Begins long before the infant is born, when the mother feels the fetus moving in the womb
Parents slowly develop an instinctive response to infants’ cues
Also helps to promote development of trust because when infant cries it begins to know that mother will come to rescue or cuddle him/her
After 2 or 3 months-responsive smile from infant brings happiness to parents’ work at interacting
By 5 or 6 months infant recognizes and prefers parents; also responds accordingly to parents body language
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

10. Separation Anxiety Begins at 6 months of age
Infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room
By 18 months, memory development helps the child remember the parent's image and to trust that the parent will return after an absence
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

11. Language Development
Verbal language is both expressive and receptive and parents should talk in native and natural language
Nonverbal language-body language-as for example parental stimulation when put down
As infant communicates with cries or smiles
There appears to be an innate ability to develop language skills
Preverbal stage of language development would be things such as body language
Start to sound M’s and D’s at 7 to 8 months
First words between 9 and 10 months
See Figure 7-2.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

12. Motor Development
Closely related to the development of perception, emotion, and cognition
Many motor skills are dependent on the disappearance of newborn reflexes
Table 7-2: Development of Locomotion, Prehension, and Perception
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

13. Physical Activity
Must be provided with a safe and stimulating environment to move and explore
Early motor competence and confidence can contribute to the enjoyment of physical activity throughout childhood and beyond
Interactive physical activity should focus on exploring environment and movement
See Figure 7-3 and Box 7-1.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

14. Autonomy Striving for independence starts early in infancy
Self-consoling behavior is an early form of independence
Will also start to want to self-feed in order to start to build some independence
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

15. Sleep Patterns
A maturing central nervous system combined with parental responses aids in the development of sleep patterns
The goal is to help infants develop self-regulatory skills so that they return to sleep without prompting
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

16. Role of Play in Fostering Growth and Development
Piaget's sensorimotor theory of development is evident in the infant's play activities such as activities of peek-a-boo
According to Freud's theory of development, the infant is in an oral phase so in following with his theory teething rings would b appropriate for an infant
By applying learned skills to environmental experiences, children learn about the world around them
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

17. Role of Play in Fostering Growth and Development
Appropriate toys for infants: Newborn-mobiles to help develop focusing and following of objects with eyes 3 months-interactive mobiles that play music or sounds 6 to 7 months-Peek-a-boo to help solidify object permanence concept 1 year old-Push and pull toys; toy cups and phones
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

18. Health Maintenance
Tasks can include Nutrition, Teeth, Immunizations, and Accident Prevention.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

19. Nutrition
Proper nutritional intake is essential to support optimum development
The newborn has a rooting and sucking reflex; fed on demand 2-3 hour intervals
Will continue with non-nutritional sucking and this is normal during infancy
Introduction of foods before 6 months of age is not recommended; New foods should be introduced one at a time
Should be given breastmilk or formula until 1 year old; will try to self feed which will help with need for independence
If starting infant on milk need to give whole milk because of the need of the fats for the nervous system
Can be given meats and eggs by 11 months
See Cultural Considerations: Breastfeeding (p. 107)
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

20. Teeth Primary or baby teeth begin eruption at 5 to 7 months of age
Allow chewing of food
Nursing caries
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

21. Immunizations
Well-child visits should be scheduled after birth before the newborn is discharged from the hospital
Growth, development, health, and nutrition of the infant should be checked every 2 months and appropriate immunizations scheduled
Table of Immunizations Appendix A
See Appendix A.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

22. Accident Prevention Major cause of morbidity and mortality
First injury prevention activity for the newborn is the use of car seats; rear facing seats protect head and neck
Placing infant in supine position when sleeping
Supporting and not leaving infant in tub without support and supervision
Safety Alert (p. 109)
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23. CHILD ABUSE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.