Chapter 1 in Environmental Text (Sections 1 & 2) Watersheds & Wetlands Chapter 1 in Environmental Text (Sections 1 & 2)

Recall Method: According to the USGS, the average individual is said to use approximately 70-120 gallons of water per day. An average ten minute shower consumes 50 gallons of water. How many gallons of water is used per minute on average? If you took a 20 minute shower everyday for 1 year, how many gallons of water would you be using?

Quantitative Qualitative 37 fish and 3 frogs Leaves lie on the bottom of the pond 2 types of aquatic grass Water insects move along the water’s surface 12 small rocks and 1 medium rock All 3 frogs are sitting on a pond bank sand A group of students measured a ten-square meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which statement is a testable hypothesis? A. The frogs living in the pond represent a population. B Water is an abiotic component in the pond ecosystem. C. If the frogs are given more food, then they will be happier. D. If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water.

Keystone Practice Q Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below. Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze.

OBJECTIVES: Be able to describe the natural processes and human activities that affect the quality of groundwater. Be able to name and describe the major drainage patterns in Pennsylvania. Be able to define watershed. Identify PA’s five major watersheds.

Recall Method Differentiate b/w a stream’s mouth and source. List the three types of sediment loads. Discuss the differences b/w the three and provide an example of each. What is the difference b/w a turbulent flow and laminar flow? Which is more common to see in PA’s streams?

Recall List the four types of drainage patterns in PA. Identify characteristics of each and locations in PA. What type of drainage pattern do we have in southwestern PA? What does stream velocity mean?

1) Read over pages 1- 13 in your Environmental Textbook. Be prepared for a quiz on the reading assignment!!

Recall Create a list of human activities (3 minimum) that cause degradation of our freshwater. According to the USGS, the average individual is said to use approximately 70-120 gallons of water per day. An average ten minute shower consumes 50 gallons of water. 2) How many gallons of water is used per minute on average? If you took a 20 minute shower everyday for 1 year, how many gallons of water would you be using?

IN PENNSYLVANIA What is PA’s average annual precipitation? Ground water (supplies most industrial, mining, agricultural, household needs: including drinking) 22% of Earth’s freshwater is groundwater How much freshwater is used each day by people and industries?

Ground Water Monitored for Contaminants WHY? Quality drinking water Contaminants: a) Natural sources: dissolved minerals Hard water: high conc. of Ca Others include high conc. Fe & H2SO4 b) Human activities: septic tanks- not properly installed, fertilizers, pesticides, landfills, chemical spills, salt used on roadways, mining, etc…

Stream Characteristics Rivers begin when runoff flows along channels known as rills Rills merge to form creeks or streams. This water merges to form larger bodies of water =rivers. Source: “headwaters” Any place where a stream or river begins. Mouth: Place where a stream or river ends by flowing into another body of water.

Two Ways Water Flows: Laminar Flow: Water moves in straight paths that are parallel to stream’s channel. -mixes little (slow flow) i.e. Ground water (small closed channels) Turbulent Flow: Water moves in tiny circular paths as it flows downstream.

Characteristics Velocity: Distance water flows during some period of time. (m/s, ft/s) Sediment Load: How sediment is carried downstream 3) River Deposits: Rivers erode land over which they move and drop sediment when velocity decreases.

Sediment Load Dissolved Load: Sediment carried in solution. -enters as it flows over rock and soil. Suspended Load: Sediment such as silt and clay. –particulates seen Bed Load: Sediment carried along bottom of the channel (sand, gravel, pebbles, boulders)

Bars of sediments are found on the inside of a river bend

Pennsylvania Waterway Facts There are approximately 83,161 miles of waterways in Pennsylvania. 3,958 lakes and ponds

Pennsylvania’s Rivers Major rivers which run through state: Ohio 9) Lackawanna Allegheny Monongahela Genesee Susquehanna Juniata Delaware Lackawaxen

Tributary: A stream that flows into a larger stream or body of water. Distributary: A branch of a river that flows away from the main stream & does not rejoin it.

Build up a Waterway or a River which flow into LARGER CREEKS Waterways flow into one another. Small creeks flow into Large creeks which flow into LARGER CREEKS Tributary or a River

Drainage Patterns Depend on topography Controlled by types of rocks over which the rivers and streams flow Also presence or lack of folds and faults in the rock 4 Patterns Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

Dendritic Most common Forms where bedrock is uniform and massive Resembles mature tree Function of the slope of the land over which a stream or river flows (flow at random) Western half of PA Non- preferential pattern

Radial Form when streams flow from high, central area i.e plateau, volcanic mtn or other uplifted feature Resemble spokes of a bicycle tire

Rectangular Form when bodies of rock are broken by a series of faults & other fractures Bends form right angles in streams & rivers (sharp angular bends) Where in PA would you find this type of drainage pattern and why?

Trellis Type of rectangular Form when sections of resistant rocks alternate with nonresistant rocks Tributary streams are parallel to one another & perpendicular to main stream or river i.e. Southeastern PA

Objectives: Be able to… Identify and locate PA’s major watersheds and their related river systems. Describe the overall quality of PA’s watersheds and explain how human actions impact quality.

Watersheds A region drained by, or one that contributes water to, a stream, lake, or other body of water. (drainage basin) Divide: Any ridge between two streams along which precipitation runs off. (topographic highs)

Pennsylvania Watersheds How many MAJOR watersheds are there in Pennsylvania?

Pennsylvania’s Major Watersheds Illustration source: PA Dept. of Environmental Protection. www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/Wc/Subjects/WSNoteBks/shedtable.htm Five Major Watersheds (Drainage Basins) in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania’s Major Watersheds Rain Illustration source: PA Dept. of Environmental Protection. www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/Wc/Subjects/WSNoteBks/shedtable.htm

Pennsylvania’s Major Watersheds Which one is the largest? Which one is the smallest? Illustration source: PA Dept. of Environmental Protection. www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/Wc/Subjects/WSNoteBks/shedtable.htm

Pennsylvania’s Major Watersheds What determines the black boundary line between any two of these watersheds? Watershed boundaries are high points of land (hills, ridges, mountains) Illustration source: PA Dept. of Environmental Protection. www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/Wc/Subjects/WSNoteBks/shedtable.htm

Pennsylvania’s Major Watersheds The water doesn’t stay in Pennsylvania. Watershed of Northeastern United States Illustration source: http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss2330/test_1_information.htm

OHIO RIVER WATERSHED Pennsylvania’s Major Watersheds Illustration source: NOAA - http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/ohrfc/river.html

The Ohio River Watershed PA NJ OH MD IL DE IN WV VA KY NC TN The land area drained by the Ohio River

What is YOUR Watershed? Small watershed Big watershed Where does your water flow to? Which of the major watersheds of Pennsylvania are you in? Creek Connections photographs

Watershed Impacts We influence our waterway and watershed Direct impact on waterway Impact on land surrounding waterway (the watershed) poor land use decisions disturbing the land without minimal impact contributing to pollution on the land

Watershed Impacts What will you do to protect your watershed? Creek Connections photographs

Recall Identify the 5 major drainage basins in PA. What separates one watershed from another?

Recall Take a FEW minutes to review the major rivers in PA and to look over the drainage patterns AND drainage basins!