1. Surface Water

2. BIG Idea:
Surface water moves materials produced by weathering and shapes the surface of Earth.

3. What types of bodies of water constitute surface water?

4. rivers
lakes
streams
ponds
seas

5. From where does surface water come?

6. rain
ice
snow
under the ground

7. Where does surface water go?

8. under the ground
into the ocean
evaporates into the sky

9. I. THE WATER CYCLE (Hydrologic Cycle)
EVAPORATION: liquid water changes to water vapor (gas)

10. TRANSPIRATION: plants give off water vapor into the air

11. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: combined processes of evaporation and transpiration

12. CONDENSATION: change from water vapor to liquid water

13. SUBLIMATION: ice slowly changes to gas without first entering a liquid state

14. PRECIPITATION: water falls from clouds to Earth’s surface (in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail)

15. RUNOFF: water that flows over the land into streams and rivers

20. FACTORS THAT AFFECT RUNOFF:
soil composition
rate of precipitation
vegetation
slope

21. A. Water Budget The water budget is like a financial budget…
You want both to be balanced.

22. precipitation is the income
evapotranspiration and runoff are the expenses

23. II. RIVER SYSTEMS
Made up of a main stream and all the feeder streams that flow into it
Tributaries: feeder streams for rivers

24. Watershed: area of land that drains into a lake, river or stream
Also known as the Drainage Basin

25. Chesapeake Watershed 1 of the 3 major regional watersheds of VA
15 million
people live
within the area
covers over
64,000 square
miles

26. Where do the 3 major regional watershed systems in VA lead?
Chesapeake Bay
North Carolina Sounds
Gulf of Mexico

27. CHANNEL: The path that a stream follows
A. STREAM EROSION
CHANNEL: The path that a stream follows

28. STREAM LOAD: materials carried by a stream
Fine sand and silt; speed keeps particles suspended (not sinking to river bottom)
Larger materials scrape along river sides and bottom along river bottom
Short jumps made by bed load if the river is moving fast enough

29. Ways that sediments are carried in a stream:
Bed Load
Solution
Suspension

30. Bed Load
Large, heavy sediments are pushed or rolled along the bottom of a stream’s bed.

31. Saltation: Short jumps made by bed load if the river is moving fast enough.

32. Solution
Materials dissolved in a stream’s water.

33. Suspension
Particles small enough to be held up by the stream’s moving water.

35. DISCHARGE: volume of moved water by a stream
at a given time

36. The faster the stream flows…
The higher its discharge…
The greater the load it can carry

38. Gradient: steepness of the slope the stream is flowing down
The gradient is steepest near the headwaters (beginning of the stream)

39. B. STAGES OF A RIVER SYSTEM
Mature and Old
Youthful
Rejuvenated

40. 1. YOUTHFUL RIVERS “V” shaped valley with steep sides
waterfalls and rapids
few tributaries
small volume of water

42. 2. MATURE RIVERS
many tributaries
high volume of water
erosion occurs along widening valley walls and during floods

43. a. MEANDERS: series of wide curves

44. b. OXBOW LAKES: closed off meander isolated away from the main part of the river

48. 3. OLD RIVER
low gradient with slow flow
no longer erodes land
starts to fill itself in with sediment

49. 4. REJUVENATED RIVER
gradient of a river becomes steeper due to tectonic activity

52. Is this river young, old, or middle aged?

53. III. STREAM DEPOSITION
Deposition: the process by which Earth materials carried by wind, water, or ice settle out and are deposited (like money in the bank)

54. How sediments are deposited

57. A. Delta: fan shaped deposit at the mouth of a stream

59. B. Alluvial Fan: delta on land due to the rapid reduction of a stream.

60. C. Flood Deposits
1. Flood Plain: part of the valley that may be covered with water during a flood.

62. 2. Natural Levees: raised riverbank that results when a river floods.

66. IV. Glaciers large, moving masses of ice form:
near Earth’s poles and
in mountainous areas at high elevations
cover about 10% of Earth’s surface

67. Two Types: formed in mountainous areas long narrow wedge of moving ice
1. Valley Glacier:
formed in mountainous areas
long narrow wedge of moving ice

68. Erode a U-shaped valley

70. 2. Continental Glacier: cover millions of square miles (only found on Greenland and Antarctica)

71. Glacial Till: unsorted rock, gravel, sand, and clay that glaciers carry and deposit
Moraine: unsorted ridges of till left behind when the glacier melts

72. Glacial Striations in Central Park, NY

73. Glacial Erratic in Central Park, NY (Pegmatite)