Research Title Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Biofilm Membrane Filtration System For Internal Plant Usage By Student : Sajjad Khudhur Abbas P81540 Supervisor: Dr. Teow Yeit Haan Co-supervisor: Prof. Abdul Wahab bin Mohammad

Palm Oil Production In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. the production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 95-96% of water 2-4% of suspended solids 0.6-0.7% of oil Clarifier sludge hydro cyclone POME highest sources sterilizer condensation

POME impact Fresh POME ref the stocks of local fish in lakes and rivers are declining bathing and water sources turned into brown colour smelt foul Acidic Colloidal Suspension Hot Fresh POME Brownish High Solids Amount (40,000 mg/l) COD (50,000 mg/l) ref (Ma A. N., 2000) (Singh G. a., 1999) BOD (25,000 mg/l)

POME discharge Standards ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS OF Effluent DISCHARGE OF STANDARDS Parameter Parameter limits (second schedule) Unit Ammonia nitrogen 20 mg/l Oil and grease 10 Suspended solids 100 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 200 Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD, 3 days, 30 °C) 50 DOE ref

Problem Statement Waterways Affected Aquatic Life Aquatic Habitats Briefly, the highly polluted wastewater is causing a severe pollution to the : Waterways Affected Aquatic Life Aquatic Habitats Impacted Human Health

POME biological treatment (by media) ‘ the process’ Decomposition Treatment Process Swimming Feeding Attachment EPS

Features Biofilm treatment has many advantages compared to conventional POME treatment methods such as : Resilience To The Environmental Changes Flexibility In The Treatment Operation Reduced Hydraulic Retention Time Low Space Required (Lazarova V. a., 2000) ref

Biofilm Complex Adhered To Surface Structured Community Of Micro-organism Cells Densely Crowded (Takriff, 2014) ref

Objectives To investigate : the optimum operating conditions of biofilm treatment. the feasibility of integrated biofilm treatment/membrane filtration process in producing recyclable and reusable water.

Scope Employing biofilm bacteria to treat POME to gain high treatment efficiency and producing treated POME with possible low COD range.

Media Characteristics Black Media Hexafilter Media Appearance Material Polypropylene Polyethylene Density (kg/m3) 0.888 1.034 Specific surface area (m2/m3) 450 320 Surface area (mm2) 1400 1460 Mass (g) 0.654 Height (mm) 10 12

Process overflow Biofilm Acclimatization POME Biological Treatment Membrane Treatment

Biofilm Acclimatization COD vs Time   % reduction Day Hexafilter Black media 1 0% 3 44% 46% 5 48% 50% 7 53% 55% 9 56% 11 63% 13 67% 15 58% 17 60% 19 64% 62% 21 23 25 27

Biofilm Acclimatization MLSS vs Time   % Reduction Day Hexafilter Black media 1 0% 3 (+) 24% (+)8% 5 19% 13% 7 46% 28% 9 68% 50% 11 72% 51% 13 75% 55% 15 78% 65% 17 73% 74% 19 70% 21 23 80% 76% 25 81% 27 83%

Biofilm Acclimatization Turbidity vs Time   % Reduction Day Hexafilter Black media 1 0% 3 70% 73% 5 82% 77% 7 91% 80% 9 95% 84% 11 96% 90% 13 97% 92% 15 17 19 21 98% 23 25 99% 27 99.5%

Biofilm Acclimatization Ammonia vs Time   % Reduction Day Hexafilter Black media 1 0% 3 64% 66% 5 68% 70% 7 73% 9 75% 76% 11 77% 78% 13 15 79% 82% 17 80% 84% 19 88% 91% 21 90% 23 89% 25 92% 27 94%

Biological Treatment Stage High COD range Parameters Unit Value COD mg\l 4310 Turbidity NTU 879.7 pH 5.681 MLSS gm 0.011 Ammonia 380 Temperature °C 25.1 Dissolved oxygen 0.88 TSS 4000 Before   Hexafilter Black media Properties 24 hr. 48 hr. 72 hr. COD 2150 1740 2320 2480 2340 1860 TSS 230 370 200 170 440 340 MLSS 0.0032 0.0053 0.0036 0.0037 0.0054 0.004 DO 0.6 0.77 0.95 0.86 0.59 0.74 Ammonia 410 477 475 228 215 289 Turbidity 98.6 137 69.33 90.65 168 113.52 pH 7.149 5.791 6.125 7.959 6.957 6.003 After

Biological Treatment Stage Low COD range Parameters Unit Value COD mg\l 1450 Turbidity NTU 87.9 pH 8.021 MLSS gm 0.006 Ammonia 101 Temperature °C 25.7 Dissolved oxygen 2.03 TSS 290 Before   Hexafilter Black media Properties 24 hr. 48 hr. 72 hr. COD 760 1130 850 690 910 1040 TSS 140 420 405 340 470 410 MLSS 0.0031 0.0025 0.0035 0.0026 0.0032 DO 1.88 2.49 2.71 2.38 1.79 2.57 Ammonia 93 100 107 102 86 Turbidity 122 130 111 76 pH 7.258 7.422 7.651 7.654 7.973 7.855 After

Membrane Treatment Stage Properties\Technology Value Units COD 923 mg/l TSS 409.5 MLSS 0.003 DO 2.6 Ammonia 98 Turbidity 80 NTU pH 7.81 - Before Properties\Technology Value Standards Units COD 19 200 mg/l TSS 100 MLSS 0.0003 - DO 4.44 Ammonia 1.19 20 Turbidity 0.381 NTU pH 6.473 After

Footage (Black Media)

Footage (Black Media)

Footage (Treated POME samples )

Discussion Biofilm Media Biological Treatment duration Acclimatization duration NANO membrane Biofilm Media Biological Treatment duration

CONCLUSION surface area crimpy surface narrow corners Mixing Moisture Points narrow corners Mixing Moisture NF membrane

Recommendations Using : Series reactors Sedimentation system Catalyst Fixed temperature Deep reactor for biofilm growth stage Short depth reactor for POME treatment stage Closed system Treatment age not longer than 24 hours Using media with high surface area

Q & A

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