1. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 1 www.ihtpk.com SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION Water Pollution Dr. Naeem-uz-Zaman eeengrs@yahoo.com

2. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2 www.ihtpk.com Contents 1.Water and Its Origin 2.Water Properties 3.Types of Water Pollution I.Municipal Water Pollution II.Industrial Water Pollution 4.Water Pollution Parameters I.Total Suspended Solids (TSS) II.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) III.Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) IV.Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 5.Water Treatment 6.Case Studies

3. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 3 www.ihtpk.com Water on Earth Sea Water Fresh Water – Icecaps and Glaciers – Ground Water Lakes Swaps Rivers Subsoil Fresh Water

4. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 4 www.ihtpk.com

5. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 5 www.ihtpk.com Water Footprints

6. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 6 www.ihtpk.com Pakistan: Water Scenario Water Available: – Above Surface: 114 Million Acre Feet – Below Surface: 55 Million Acre Feet Water Stressed in 2000 – 1700 m 3 per capita Water Scarce (1000 m 3 per capita) in 2035 – 1500 m 3 per capita in 2002 Two Third water is lost in water courses

7. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 7 www.ihtpk.com 1 m3/sec= 23 Million Gallons/day

8. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 8 www.ihtpk.com Water Pollution Waste Water Pollution is monitored for the following: – BODBiological Oxygen Demand – CODChemical Oxygen Demand – TSSTotal Suspended Solids – TDSTotal Dissolved Solids Other characteristics are specific to industries and need to be treated at source.

9. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 9 www.ihtpk.com Total Suspended Solids Total suspended solids are the insoluble matter present in waste water. NEQS: ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea TSS (mg/l)200400200

10. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 10 www.ihtpk.com Mitigation Large size suspended particles can be removed by: – Sedimentation – Filtration: Generally water filtration is carried out in two steps, large size particles are removed by stationary bar screens (generally 50 mm apart) which require manual cleaning. small size particles are removed by mechanically cleaned screens of different types. – Where BOD is removed by activated sludge method, the settled sludge removes a fairly good amount of suspended matter as well.

11. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 11 www.ihtpk.com Settling Tank

12. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 12 www.ihtpk.com Filtration by Screens

13. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 13 www.ihtpk.com Total Dissolved Solids Total dissolved solids present in waste water. Municipal waste water contains Chlorides and Sulfates but there permitted limit is quite high (1,000 ppm) and generally these ions are within the permitted limit. – It is practically impossible to remove chloride ions present in waste water as chloride of common cations are soluble in water. Calcium sulfate has solubility of 1,000 ppm at ambient temperature and sulfate ions can be removed from waste water if they are in excess of this figure, by adding lime to water, however it is rarely done. ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea TDS (mg/l)3500

14. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 14 www.ihtpk.com Removal Methods – Lime Soda Process: to Remove Ca and Mg however this system does not remove Na and K – Reverse Osmosis – Ion Exchange for Water Softening which replaces Ca and Mg with Na. – Demineralization: This method removes all the ions present in water. – Distillation

15. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 15 www.ihtpk.com

16. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 16 www.ihtpk.com Ion Exchange Method

17. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 17 www.ihtpk.com Demineralization

18. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 18 www.ihtpk.com Biological Oxygen Demand BOD is a measure of organic matter present in waste water that can be decomposed by bacteria present in waste water. This organic matter comes from kitchen waste and animal and human excreta.

19. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 19 www.ihtpk.com Oxygen has a solubility of 10-16 ppm in water. This oxygen is responsible for all aquatic life. When water contains organic matter, its dissolved oxygen is consumed by bacteria which decomposes organic matter. When water deficient in oxygen with a certain amount of BOD is mixed with a natural water course, all the fish and other living organism present in water is simply killed. – Fresh water streams and rivers are saturated with oxygen as the flowing water renews its surface by agitation and atmospheric oxygen gets dissolved in it. – Stagnant water bodies take longer time to get saturated with oxygen.

20. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 20 www.ihtpk.com Removal Method – Activated Sludge Aerobic Anaerobic ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea BOD(mg/l)8025080

21. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 21 www.ihtpk.com Activated Sludge

22. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 22 www.ihtpk.com

23. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 23 www.ihtpk.com Chemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand is the measure of total oxygen demand of waste water. This oxygen deficiency may be due to organic matter that is not easily oxidized by bacteria or it may include inorganic chemicals that are reducing agents present in waste water. It is measured by oxidizing water content in acidic conditions by titrating with sodium dichromate.

24. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 24 www.ihtpk.com Removal Method – Oxidation of Water Aeration with pure Oxygen/ Ozone Chemical Oxidation: MnO 2, KMnO 4, K 2 Cr2O 7, H 2 O 2 ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea TDS (mg/l)3500

25. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 25 www.ihtpk.com Aerated Lagoons

26. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 26 www.ihtpk.com Treatment Process Typical Water Treatment Plant

27. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 27 www.ihtpk.com Solid Liquid Separation Screening Sedimentation – Natural, – Flocculated Dissolved Air Flotation Media Filtration – Sand Bed

28. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 28 www.ihtpk.com Chemical Treatment Chemical Precipitation Heavy Metal, Phosphate Removal Iron Sulfate, Iron Chloride, Alum, Lime Activated Carbon Absorption

29. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 29 www.ihtpk.com Biological Treatment Aerobic Suspended Growth, Few Hours Process Activated Sludge Processes Aeration; – Surface Aeration, – Submerged Aeration, – Aspirated Aeration Aerobic Attached Growth, – Trickle Filters, Low Rate, High Rate – Rotating Biological Contactors – Packed Bed Reactors, Upword Flow

30. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 30 www.ihtpk.com Biological Treatment Anaerobic Processes, (High B O D), :Bio Gas By-Product Suspended Growth – Up Flow – Sludge Blanket Attached Growth – Filter Processes – Expanded Bed Pond Processes – Aerobic, 150-450 mm deep, deeper if mixed – Anaerobic (10 M Deep – Facultative, Aerobic, Anaerobic in the same pond

31. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 31 www.ihtpk.com Kasur Tannery Pollution Control Project Parameter (mg/l)Raw EffluentOver All Reduction Suspended Solids270095-98% BOD160060-75% COD310050-65% Sulfides12065-75% Cr9096-98% TDS750020-30% Sulfates200025-35%

32. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 32 www.ihtpk.com Thank You