Cinematography.

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Presentation transcript:

Cinematography

Definition the process of capturing moving images on film (or digitally) everything that has to do with cameras and lenses, with film/film stock (or digital), exposure and processing of film/digital images Cinematographer = Director of Photography (DP)

Cinematography v. Mise en Scene Mise en Scene refers to “what is filmed” Cinematography refers to “how it is filmed” Some elements – like lighting, can be both

Elements of Cinematography Framing and Composition shot types camera angles depth camera movement aspect ratio lighting* Camera and exposure choices, film stock and lenses*

Framing and Composition: Shot Types extreme long (ELS) long (LS) medium (MS) close-up (CU) extreme close-up (ECU)

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Extreme Long Shot aka: used when/for: setting the scene – the what/where

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Long Shot used when/for: also estb, but for characters, etc.

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Medium Long Shot and Medium Shot used when/for: most common; dialog…

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Close-Up used when/for: show detail and emotion; dramatic effect

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Extreme Close-Up used when/for: looking at small detail; intense and/or evoke anxiety

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Over the shoulder shot used when/for: establish position of each person; feeling of looking at person from the other's pov; common for conversations

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Point of View Shot (subjective shot) used when/for: as if seeing through the character

Framing and Composition: Camera Angles eye-level (straight angle) high angle low angle dutch angle/tilt

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) Eye-Level (straight angle) used when/for: most natural; majority of shots; attitude toward subject is neutral (used early in films)

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) High Angle Used when/for: shows weakness, vulnerability, less authority

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) Low Angle used when/for: subject appears larger than life; importance…

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) Dutch Tilt used when/for: world is not right/out of balance…

Framing and Composition: “Depth” Challenge: how to give the illusion of depth deep-focus composition rule of thirds

Framing and Composition: Director’s Signature Framing can become a director’s signature - using the natural framing occurring in objects Quentin Tarantino – from below/trunk shots - or direction and perspective Wes Anderson – from above Stanley Kubrick – one-point perspective

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Pan Tilt Dolly/tracking shots Crane/“boom”/jib shots Hand-held and steadicam shots

Camera Movement (Framing and Composition) Pan – camera rotates horizontally, side to side Tilt – camera vertically pivots/rotates up and down In pans & tilts, camera does not change position, it pivots or rotates Usually tripod mounted example

The camera is mobile Dolly/tracking shots Crane/“boom”/jib shots Camera Movement (Framing and Composition) Dolly/tracking shots Crane/“boom”/jib shots Hand-held and Steadicam shots The camera is mobile

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Dolly/tracking shot: camera fixed to wheeled support dolly in: frequently used when a character realizes something/comes to a decision dolly out: used for slow disclosure True Detective Spike Lee - dolly Children of Men

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Boom/jib shots: Camera mounted on counterweighted boom some telescope in or out can use for pans & tilts Crane shots: similar look to boom shot but motorized/hydraulics for movement typically long or extremely long shots and long takes

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Crane and boom shots… Opening of Touch of Evil Opening of The Player

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Hand-held and Steadicam shots can pan, tilt, or track Hand-held movement is obviously “unsteady”--which is how we know it’s a hand-held shot Steadicam a patented device dampens unsteadiness, producing a relatively smooth movement, even when walking or running Steadicam first used in Rocky (1976)

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Steadicam Handheld

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement The Zoom camera doesn’t move, but frame changes as the lens focal length is changed zoom in or out/magnification

Tracking v. Zooming Ex ex ex ex Left (tracking): Camera moves Relation of back/foreground changes distortion at edges Right (zoom): Camera stationary Change of focal length Relation of back/foreground (flattening) Zooming tends to be less natural Ex ex ex ex

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement And there are endless combinations… Jaws, etc. (1:20)

Framing and Composition: Aspect Ratio (ratio of width to height) Rules of the Game, Jean Renoir, 1939 1.33:1 Aliens, James Cameron, 1986 1.85:1 Rebel Without A Cause, Nicholas Ray, 1955 2.35:1 (Cinemascope)

Aspect Ratio explanation