1. Cinematography The use of the camera to create a world that we perceive on screen

3. cinematography is a language Governed by certain conventions, but not restricted by these conventions; reflecting and complementing the film’s other formal elements

5. Shots Setup: the camera’s position for a shot Shot: one uninterrupted run of the camera Take: the number of times a shot must be repeated (think “take two”)

7. Camera people The cinematographer assisted by Camera operator and assistant camera operators (“ACs”) Electricians: “gaffer,” “best boy,” “grips”

9. Film stocks Gauges of film (8 mm – 70mm) – width Speed of film (fast, slow) – “graininess” Color Black-and-white Videotape vs. movie film (not in the Barsam book, but important!)

11. Lighting How shots are lit affects how we perceive them Lighting ratios: hard/high key, soft/low key 3-point system: keylight, fill light, backlight What’s NOT lit is an important aspect of lighting (just as offscreen space is as important as onscreen space)

16. Production Values A term that describes the number of people and amount of resources expended on creating a film

18. Types of Lenses Aperture: an iris that limits light Focal length: wide, narrow angle, zoom. Different lenses are employed for different focal lengths (prime lenses, zoom lenses) Depth of field: what planes are in focus

23. Framing Aspect ratio (ratio of width to height) Masks (placed over aperture to change the shape of the frame) Transition effects (iris-out)

24. Framing and POV Omniscient POV (most “usual”) Single-character POV (can also rotate) Group POV

28. Shot Duration Slow-motion emphasizes the action Fast-motion is usually funny Long take (film permits 10 minutes, but this can be extended) creates feeling of real time and space

29. Three Basic Shot Lengths Closeup shot Medium shot (typical) Long shot and gradations of these three i.e., XCS, XLS, MCS

33. Shot Depth Deep-space composition Deep-focus cinematography The rule of thirds

37. Camera Angle/Height Eye-level shot (from typical POV) High angle shot (from overhead) Low angle (from below) Dutch angle (tilted) Aerial view (from above – long shot)

44. Camera Movement Contrast with lens movements (earlier) Pan shot Tilt shot Dolly or tracking shot Zoom shot (a camera effect) Crane shot Handheld or steadicam shot

48. Special Effects In-camera (as in transition effects) Mechanical (staged), including day-for- night, split screen, blow-up Computer/digital

50. Visual themes in the film Thresholds – doors, windows Hallways Domestic objects Barred windows/enclosures