Blood Chapter 11 Notes Kristin Jacobson 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Functions Transport gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones Regulate pH (7.35-7.45) Maintain body temperature Fight infections Form clots 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Characteristics of Blood Type of connective tissue Sticky Heavier than water Oxygen content determines the color Males have 5-6 L, females 4-5 L Slightly higher temp than rest of body 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Compostion of Blood Plasma- Formed Elements- 55% of total blood Pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells and acts as a great solvent 91% water, 7% protein, 2% other Formed Elements- 45% of total blood Cells and cell fragments Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Plasma Proteins Albumin- Globulins- Fibrinogen 58% of plasma proteins Helps maintain water balance Globulins- 38% of plasma protein Help the immune system and transport hormone Fibrinogen 4%of plasma proteins Aids in clot formation Serum- plasma without the clotting factors 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBC) Disk-shaped with thick edges like a donut to increase surface area and help with flexibility in tight vessles Nucleus is lost during cell development Typically survive for 120 days Function- transport oxygen to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Hemoglobin Main component of RBC’s Transports oxygen Each globin protein is attached to a heme molecule Each heme contains one iron atom Oxyhemoglobin- hemoglobin with an oxygen attached (bright red) Without oxygen it is much darker red Carbon monoxide is 210 times more attracted to hemoglobin than oxygen 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

What happens to old Erythrocytes? They are removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver Hemoglobin is broken down Globin is broken down into amino acids Heme is converted to bilirubin which is a yellow pigment Bilirubin is taken up by the liver and released into the small intestine in the bile This gives both feces and urine their color 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Hematopoiesis What is it? Process of blood cell formation In the fetus RBC’s are produced in the liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow In children and adults they are produced only in the red bone marrow Stem cell- original cell line found in umbilical cord and bone marrow 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Production of Erythrocytes Decreased blood oxygen levels cause the kidneys to increase production of the glycoprotein erythropoietin. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes. Increased erythrocytes cause an increase in blood oxygen levels 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Leukocytes White blood cells (WBC) Lack hemoglobin Larger than RBCs Contain a nucleus Functions- fight infections Remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes- White blood cells that contain granules visible when stained Neutrophils- Most common Remain in the blood for a short time then move into the tissues Phagocytes – they eat up dead cells like an amoeba 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Eosinophils- reduce inflammation Basophils- least common and release histamine to cause inflammation and heparin which prevents clot formation 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Agranulocytes- no granules Monocytes Largest leukocyte Produces macrophages- large vacuum cells that clean up all foreign objects throughout the body Lymphocytes Produce antibodies 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Platelets What are they? Fragments of cells Help in blood clotting Produced in red bone marrow 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Body’s defense against blood loss Blood vessel constriction- Can completely close small vessels Platelet plugs Can seal up small breaks in blood vessels Blood Clotting (coagulation) 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Blood Clotting Blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel Clot- network of thread-like proteins called fibrin that trap blood cells and fluid Formation of clot depend on clotting factors Clotting factors- proteins in plasma that are activated following injury 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Steps in clot formation Injury to blood vessel causes inactive clotting factors to become activated Prothrombinase (clotting factor) is formed and acts upon prothrombin Prothrombin is switched to its active form thrombin Thrombin activates fibrinogen into its active form fibrin Fibrin forms a network that traps blood (clots) 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Control of clot formation Clots need to be controlled so they do not spread throughout the body Anticoagulants- Prevent clots from forming Ex. Heparin and antithrombin Injury causes enough clotting factors to be activated that anticoagulants an not work in that part of the body 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Blood Reactions Injury or surgery can lead to a blood transfusion Transfusion reactions/ Aggulination- clumping of blood cells (bad) Antibodies- proteins in plasma Blood groups- named according to antigen (ABO) 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Antibodies B A none __A & B Common 2nd 3rd 4th 1st Type A B AB O Antigen A B A & B na Antibodies B A none __A & B Common 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Figure 11.12 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

O are universal donors (no antigens) Type A can receive A and O blood Type B can receive B and O blood Type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood (universal receivers) Type ) can only receive O blood 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Rh Blood Group Rh positive means you have Rh antigens 85-95% of the population is Rh pos. Antibodies only develop if an Rh neg. person is exposed to Rh pos. blood by transfusion or from mother to fetus 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

Example of an Rh Reaction If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+ the mother can be exposed to Rh+ blood if the fetal blood leaks through the placenta and mixes with the mother’s blood The first time this occures the mother’s blood produces antibodies against the antigens. Any repeated mixing of blood causes a reaction 140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson

140 Notes ICC Ms. Jacobson