Causes of the Reformation Social Renaissance values cause people to question the Church Printing press helped to spread other ideas Political Monarchs no longer to be less powerful than the Church Popes began to supersede their authority Economic People resented having to pay taxes to the Church Monarchs were jealous of the Church’s wealth Religious Some leaders were wildly corrupt Many opposed the selling of indulgences

Martin Luther 95 Theses- list of formal arguments against the Church’s selling of indulgences Indulgence- supposed pardon from God for committing sins Considered the start of the Reformation Major beliefs Salvation through faith and good works Final authority is the Bible and not Pope or Church All people of faith are equal Church viewed him as a heretic and excommunicated him People that followed him became known as Lutherans Inspired other sects such as Anglicanism and Calvinism

Protestant Movement Response to Luther’s teachings throughout Europe Both peasants and nobles bought into Luther’s ideas Initially it was vague in beliefs Mostly made up of those that were fed up with the Church Eventually organized itself into further denominations These various denominations resulted in the Peasants’ Revolt Some peasants agreed with Luther and thought it was their duty to take back certain religion institutions and lands Because Luther condemned the violence many turned their back on his teachings Peace of Augsburg Agreement amongst warring regions of the Holy Roman Empire that the noble determines the religion of their territory

English Reformation Henry VIII wanted to produce a male heir to succeed him on the throne of England Attempted to divorce wife, Katharine of Aragon, but the Church does not allow divorce Tried to get the Pope to annul the marriage but was refused Parliament approved his divorce and he marries Anne Boleyn Act of Supremacy- Henry VIII name himself head of the Church of England Next two Monarchs- Edward VI and Mary I Problems of age, health, and religion Last a combined total of 11 years Elizabeth I Creates peace between Protestants and the Catholic Church Reconfigures the Church of England to mix the two religions

Other Religions John Calvin Believes in idea of predestination- select few that God has chosen to save Founder of Calvinism, denomination of Protestantism Also known as Presbyterianism in Scotland Anabaptists Believed baptisms should only happen when one was old enough Believed in the separation of Church and State Refused to fight in wars Their followers would becomes the first Amish people

The Counter Reformation The attempt of the Church and its followers to reform itself The Jesuits (aka the Society of Jesus) Founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola Focus heavily on education and mission work throughout Europe Council of Trent Faith and good works will bring about salvation Indulgences were banned Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final Index of Forbidden Books- works considered dangerousto the Catholic faith and ordered to be burned Legacy Founding of more schools in local communities and universities Moral and political authority of the Church declined