Review # 8 ~ Industrial Revolution –> New Imperialism

Causes Agrarian Revolution = more food! Population explosion Began in Great Britain Land (rivers, island) Labor (people to work) Capital ($ & investment) Effects New Social Class Structure MIDDLE CLASS Urbanization Bad working conditions Better transportation Higher standard of living Imperialism Industrial Revolution: production of goods shifted from using hand tools to using power-driven machines and from human and animal power to steam power

Competing economic theories Capitalism (AKA: Market Economy, Free Market, Private Enterprise) Economy governed by natural forces of supply and demand Laissez Faire – government is NOT involved Concentrated on interests of individual/ private ownership Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations Socialism (AKA: Marxism, communism, state-run) Farms & businesses belong to all people (not individuals) Concentrated on the interests of society Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto class struggle proletariat (working class) wealth & power shared

Industrialization leads to Imperialism Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country 1800s – early 1900s

Causes of Imperialism Economic -Need for raw materials -Need new markets Political -Power and security of the empire -Nationalism Social – Western nations believed they were superior to non-Western areas Social Darwinism: Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest; natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker nations White Man’s Burden: Rudyard Kipling’s poem “White Man’s Burden”; white imperialists have a moral duty to educate less developed countries

Effects of Imperialism India Africa British East India Company controlled 3/5s of India India is the “jewel in the crown” – lots of raw materials and markets Sepoy Mutiny: Hindus and Muslims united against the British; Britain crushed the revolt and took direct control of India Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference (1884): European powers divide up Africa; don’t consult Africans = conflict & tribal warfare Zulus resist imperialism Boer War

Effects of Imperialism China Japan Spheres of Influence: areas where outside powers claim exclusive trade rights Opium War: Great Britain vs. China Treaty of Nanjing: China open ports to Great Britain for trade and hand over Hong Kong Taiping Rebellion BOXER REBELLION (ANTI-WEST) Isolation Commodore Matthew Perry Treaty of Kanagawa: open 2 ports to U.S. MEIJI Restoration Modernization & Industrialization Imperialism Japan becomes world power!