World Geography Chapter 1 & 2 Ch. 1 – Studying Geography Ch. 2 – Earth In Space

WHY are you in this room???

Geography Geography – the study of everything on earth. 2 main branches of Geography Human Geography Manmade. Physical Geography Natural.

• interaction of people with their environments SECTION 1 Themes and Essential Elements Human Geography Physical Geography • study of distribution and characteristics of the world’s people (where people live and what they do) • examines how people make and trade things that they need to survive • focuses on Earth’s natural environments including landforms, water features, plants, animals, and other physical features • studies the processes that shape physical environment Both • interaction of people with their environments

The Six essential elements 1.    The World in Spatial Terms Where (location) 2.    Places and Regions What (place and how we define it) 3.    Physical Systems Natural (mountains, oceans, etc..) 4.    Human Systems People (culture, ethnic, religion) 5.    Environment and society How we interact with the environment. 6.    The Uses of Geography Helps us to understand relationships among different peoples past and present as well as the physical make up of our planet.

The World in Spatial Terms

Places and Regions

Physical Systems

Human Systems

Environment and society

The Uses of Geography

Geography Terms Grid – Pattern of lines that circle the globe in east-west and north-south directions. Latitude – lines drawn - east-west direction and measure distance - north & south of equater. Longitude – lines drawn - north-south direction and measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian. Equator – imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North Pole & South Pole.

Geography Terms Parallels – Another name for lines of latitude. parallel to the equator. (N and S) Meridians – Another name for lines of longitude. Parallel to the Prime Meridian (E and W) Prime Meridian – imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. Degrees – Measurement used when using latitude & longitude. Symbol for degrees is ° . Degrees are further divided into minutes, for which the symbol is ‘. There are 60 minutes in a degree.

Geography Terms Hemispheres – The world is divided into 4 hemispheres. The equator divides the earth into a Northern & Southern Hemisphere. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into a Eastern & Western Hemispheres. Continents – The earth’s land surfaces are organized into 7 continents. North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Oceans – The largest division of water surfaces. There are 5 major oceans. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern, & Arctic Ocean.

Maps Atlas – book of maps. Map Projection – projecting round earth on a flat map. Types of Maps Physical, Political, Special Purpose, etc. Map Tools: Directional Indicator – shows which directions are north, south, east, & west. Compass Rose – A directional indicator that has arrows that point to all four principal directions. Scales – used to represent distances between points on a map. Legend or Key – explains what the symbols on the map represent.

Solar System The Solar system is the sun and the group of bodies that revolve around it. Almost all of Earth’s energy comes from the sun Satellites – A body that orbits a larger body. Moons are natural satellites

The Sun, the Earth, and the Moon The diameter of the Earth is about 8,000 miles. The diameter of the Sun is about 865,000 miles. The Moon is 240,000 miles from the Earth. The Earth’s orbit averages about 93 million miles from the Sun.

The Earth The Moon

The Solar System Rotation Revolution Earth’s Tilt One complete spin of the Earth on its axis. Takes 24 hours. Solar energy hits only the half of the earth that is facing the sun. Revolution Earths movement around the sun. Takes 365 ¼ days to complete one revolution. Earth’s Tilt Earth is tilted at 23 ½ degree angle. North polar axis always points towards the North Star.

Seasons Tropics – low latitude areas near the equator that receives great amounts of solar energy year round. Polar Regions – high latitude areas that are cold most of the year, because they do not receive great amounts of solar energy. Seasons – Northern and Southern Hemispheres have opposite seasons, because they receive direct solar rays at different times of the year (due to tilt of earth). Solstice – occurs twice a year. Time when earths poles point toward or away from the sun more than at any other time. (Occur around Dec. 21 & June 21) Tropic of Capricorn – Latitude in S. Hemisphere. Receives suns most direct rays during the December Solstice. Tropic of Cancer – Latitude in N. Hemisphere. Receives suns most direct rays during the June Solstice. Equinox – Occurs twice a year. Earth’s poles are not pointed toward or away from the sun. Night and day are equal (12 hours each). Occurs around March 21 & Sept. 22

Seasons

Earth-Sun Relationships SECTION 2 Earth-Sun Relationships Solstice Equinox time when Earth’s poles point at their greatest angle toward or away from the Sun occurs twice each year when Earth’s poles are not pointed toward or away from the Sun

Solstice

Tides

The Earth System Earth System – Interactions of elements on and around our planet Broken into 4 parts Atmosphere – layer of gases that surround earth Lithosphere – Surface of the planet Hydrosphere – all the water of the planet Biosphere – Part of the earth where all plant and animal life exists

The Earth System