Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Cell Energy Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

Uses for ATP Provides energy for active transport Move organelles inside the cells Transmits nerve impulses Contract muscles Plants during photosynthesis to make glucose

How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

Cellular Respiration Process used in cells to break down glucose and produce ATP Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₂0₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide water energy

Mitochondria

3 Phases of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Cellular Respiration Diagram Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in matrix Occurs in cristae

Glycolysis Summary Takes place in the CYTOPLASM ANAEROBIC (doesn’t use OXYGEN) NETS 2 ATP

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration Pathways Is Oxygen Present? YES NO Aerobic Respiration Needs oxygen Takes place in mitochondria KREB’S CYCLE – 2 ATP ETC – 34 ATP Anaerobic Respiration No oxygen needed Takes place in cytoplasm GLYCOLYSIS – 2 ATP FERMENTATION Animals – LACTIC ACID Plants - ALCOHOLIC

Fermentation Summary Occurs when oxygen is NOT present (ANAEROBIC) Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in Muscle Cells (makes them tired) Alcoholic Fermentation occurs in plant cells and yeasts (makes ethanol) Nets 2 ATP

Kreb’s Cycle Requires Oxygen Takes place in the Mitochondria The cycle is a series of eight reactions. These reactions take a two carbon molecule (acetate) and completely oxidize it to carbon dioxide. Nets 2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain Summary Occurs in the Mitochondria Produces Water (H₂O) Nets 34 ATP

Photosynthesis Process that uses the sun’s energy to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose and oxygen Chemical Formula: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂0₆ + 6O₂ carbon dioxide water light energy glucose + oxygen

Photosynthesis

CHLOROPLAST

Two Parts of Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reactions Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) Reactions Requires light Electrons in chlorophyll absorb light energy Energy from electrons converts ADP to ATP Water molecules split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions & electrons H+ ions attach to carrier molecules to be used later Does NOT require light Carbon dioxide & hydrogen ions combine to form simple sugars Simple sugars are stored as complex carbs (cellulose and starch)

Light dependent Light independent