Introduction to The Animal Kingdom

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What is an Animal? Animals are heterotrophic, eukaryotic and multicellular organisms whose cells lack cell walls 95% invertebrates (do not have a backbone) 5% vertebrates (have a backbone) 7 Essential functions of animals

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1. Feeding Herbivore = eats plants Carnivore = eats animals Omnivore = eats plants and animals Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water Parasite = lives in or on another organism

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/detail-tick-parasite-skin-9896425.jpg http://fl1504015.edublogs.org/files/2012/02/food_chain-24s0jcx.jpg http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/definitions/lg/filter-feeder.jpg

2. Respiration Take in O2 and give off CO2 Different Methods: Lungs Gills Through skin Simple diffusion

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3. Circulation Very small animals use diffusion to get nutrients and oxygen to cells Larger animals have circulatory systems

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4. Excretion Primary waste product is ammonia Kidney is the main organ for liquid waste excretion

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5 Response Receptor cells: Nerve cells => nervous system Sound Light External stimuli Nerve cells => nervous system

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6. Movement Most animals are motile (can move) Muscles usually work with a skeleton

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7. Reproduction Most reproduce sexually Genetic diversity Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually Increase their numbers rapidly

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Trends in Animal Evolution Body Symmetry -the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges) Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) Bilateral Symmetry - has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc)

Jellyfish Video http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/symmetrydiagram.gif

Cephalization - anterior concentration of sense organs, basically the organism has a head, usually with eyes, nose and other sense organs, plus a brain http://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/4453/4453-4464-63362-71462.jpg

Body Sides Anterior – Towards head Posterior – Towards Tails Dorsal – Back side Ventral – Front side

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Segmentation - segments of the body become specialized for specific purposes http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/tagmatization.jpg

Early Development Zygote - fertilized egg Blastula - a hollow ball of cells Blastopore - the blastula folds in creating an opening Protostome – where mouth is formed from blastopore Deuterosome – where anus if formed from blastopore Anus - opening for solid waste removal from digestive tract

http://www. mun. ca/biology/scarr/141993_Protostome_vs_Deuterostome http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/141993_Protostome_vs_Deuterostome.jpg..jpg

The cells of most animals differentiate into three distinct germ layers Endoderm - (innermost) develops into the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory tract Mesoderm - (middle) muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems Ectoderm - (outermost) sense organs, nerves, outer layer of skin

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9 Animal Phyla http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/zoology/animalphylogenetics/images/fig14.gif

1. Phylum Porifera (sponges) http://palaeos.com/metazoa/porifera/images/rigida.jpg

2. Phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, jellyfish, coral, hydra) http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archdata/Gershwin_Collins/Ccolorata.JPG

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/pseudobiceros.jpg

4. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

5. Phylum Annelida (segmented worms, earthworms, leeches) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Regenwurm1.jpg

6. Phylum Mollusca (clam, squid, snails, slugs) http://angelfire.com/mo3/invertzoo/images/Mollusca.jpg

7. Phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders) http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arachnida/tarantula.jpg

8. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish) http://www.palaeos.org/images/thumb/5/5a/Acanthaster_planci.jpg/340px-Acanthaster_planci.jpg

9. Phylum Chordata (includes all vertebrates) http://sevennaturalwonders.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/shutterstock_60362779-1.jpg

Round Worms Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Contain unsegmented worms

Ascaris  http://www.thelifetree.com/images/roundworms06.jpg

Insides Pseudocoelom (“false coelom”) Coelom-(sea-lum) Fluid filled cavity made from the mesoderm Body cavity contains organs Digestive tract with two openings (mouth and anus)

Round worm anatomy http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/roundworm.jpg

Feeding They are predators when they are free living Parasites to humans and animals as well

http://altered-states.net/barry/bobbeck/roundworms.jpg http://www.harpercollege.edu/ls-hs/bio/dept/guide/gallery/aquatic_worms/original/aquatic_roundworm_nematode(4).jpg

Reproduction Sexual reproduction Separate sexes (male and female)

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Roundworms and disease http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/assets/images/rw1.jpg

Trichinosis (trichinella worm) Cysts within the muscles are consumed (undercooked food) Worm then grows in the intestine Forms cysts within the muscles of the new host Causes terrible pain in muscles

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Filarial Worms - found in Tropical regions of Asia Usually transmitted by mosquitoes Causes elephantiasis

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Ascarid Worms (common roundworm) Lives in the intestine Eggs are passed out in the feces

Ascarid worms http://ascarislumbricoides.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/tumblr_lfrk4bGl7F1qcmrkno1_500.jpg http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0001_0_img0028.jpg

Hookworms Burrow into the skin from soil Mature in the intestines Hooks used to attach and suck blood

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C.elegans First organism to have DNA completely sequenced Very simple, free living round worm