Ch. 7: African Americans- Protest and Social Change  Desegregation: The Second Phase  In the 1960s, the Civil Rights movement gained momentum  The March on Washington  On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King led 250,000 protesters to the Lincoln Memorial  King gave his “I Have a Dream” speech

 Civil rights activity met with fierce resistance  In 1968 Martin Luther King was assassinated  The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most far-reaching legislation against racial discrimination ever passed  The Voting Rights Act of 1965  Official segregation in America was ended

Black Power  The Lost Nation of Islam attracts new converts  Malcolm X (Little) believed separate territory should be given as payment for Black slaves working w/out pay  Malcolm left group and formed a Muslim group, the Organization of Afro-American Unity  In 1964, while giving a speech, Malcolm X was assassinated by a black male

 Urban Unrest  In the summer of 1964 blacks rioted in Harlem, Rochester, and Philadelphia  In 1967 there were riots in Newark and Detroit  Watts area riot of 1965  Attacks focused on White owned businesses  The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders study on riots  Decline of unrest for a time

 The 1980 Miami Riots  Black economic frustrations and resentment against the growing Cuban community, sparked by an all-white jury’s acquittal of 4 white police officers accused of bludgeoning a black man to death, set off 3 days of riots  The 1992 Los Angeles Riot  Five days of rioting erupted after a jury acquitted 4 white city police officers of criminal wrongdoing in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King

 O.J. Simpson trial  Media attention, racial divisions  Racial profiling  Police or other authorities use a person’s race in calculating whether,or to what extent, to subject that person to surveillance, questioning, searching, or some other investigation  D.W.B.

Million Man March  1995—theme of unity of black men in their communities  -Focus on the needs of the black family  -Focus on black pride  -Counter negative images of black males  -Estimated 400,000 to 1 million turnout  -Simultaneously acknowledge the importance of black culture and the importance of black men being part of mainstream U.S. society

Black Assimilation  Since 1960, the percentage gap between blacks and whites completing four years of high school or beyond has lessened  The 2002 median family income was $45,631 for whites and $29,645 for blacks  The average black family earned 65 cents for every $1 the average white family earned  Today about 1 in 4 blacks live in poverty compared to less than 1 in 12 whites

 College level  Growing affluence  Residential assimilation  Racial discrimination has continued to affect urban neighborhoods and population distribution.  Redlining  Residential Segregation  Segregation (voluntary) and separation indicates that blacks may be moving toward cultural pluralism

 Intergroup relations show that race still matters  Resegregation and clustering in racially homogomous groups  Marital assimilation  laws prohibiting interracial marriage deemed unconstitutional  Marital assimilation (intermarriage) remains lowest among black Americans in comparison to other racial groups

Affirmative Action  Affirmative Action = policies and programs that go beyond neutrality by seeking out and encouraging qualified minority-group members and women to become a part of the pool of applicants for openings and opportunities in schools, training programs, employment, contracting, and various other competitive settings

 In 1961, President John F. Kennedy established Executive Order encouraging “equal opportunity for all qualified persons” through “positive measures.” Affirmative Action grew through the 1960s and 1970s and came under attack in the 1980s and 1990s— numerous key lawsuits and decisions

 Griggs v. Duke Power Co. in 1971  Regents of the Univ. of CA v. Bakke (1978)  Prop 209 in CA in 1990’s  Reverse discrimination?  Hopwood v. Texas