CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

Intro to A&P Anatomy – Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate

Levels of Organization Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization: Atom- particles which make up matter Organelle- Cell- basic unit of structure and function Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions. Organs- Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely together Organism-

Levels of Organization

Requirements of Living Organisms 1.Water 2.Food 3.Oxygen Cell respiration  4.Heat Controls rate of reactions  5.Pressure

Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things) Movement Growth Reproduction

Characteristics of Life Digestion Circulation Excretion Together. these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)

Organ Systems (11 total) Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs (hair, nails and sweat glands). Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory receptors Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue. Production of blood cells Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and trachea Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and trachea Exchange gases between air and blood Exchange gases between air and blood Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs. Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs. Production of new organisms Production of new organisms Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

Organ Systems Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement. Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. Transports products throughout body. Lymphatic System- Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from digestive tract.

Organ Systems Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines. Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed. Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra Remove waste from blood and maintain water balance

Homeostasis Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced internal environment Use homeostatic mechanisms: Receptors- Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F) Effectors-

Negative Feedback Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point) Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level

Blood Glucose Level

Homeostasis - Positive Feedback Definition – Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth

Anatomical Terminology Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.

Anatomical Position When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position: Standing Facing forward Palms facing forward

Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part w/respect to another Superior vs. Inferior Anterior vs. Posterior Medial vs. Lateral Distal vs. Proximal

More Anatomical Positions Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral Deep vs. Superficial Peripheral

Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe locations of organs

Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two: 1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes: - Nasal - - Oral - Middle ear - Sinuses b. Vertebral - - includes s.c.

Major Body Cavities 2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities: a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity – Mediastinum Mediastinum – the space separating the two lungs; includes: - pericardial cavity – Diaphragm Diaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes: - abdominal cavity - - pelvic cavity -

Body Cavities

Membranes 2 types: 1. visceral – covers an organ 2. parietal – Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities: Example – visceral pleura parietal peritoneum