1. An Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1

2. Definitions Anatomy Physiology
the study of the names of the structures in the human body
Physiology
the study of the functions of body parts

3. Variation in Human Structure
Anatomy books can only teach you the most common structure
No 2 humans are exactly alike
Examples
Some people completely lack certain organs
Most have 2 kidneys
Situs inversus

4. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Definitions
Metabolism
Chemical and physical changes in the body
Controls all body functions
Homeostasis
Maintaining a steady state, or stable internal environment
Maintained by feedback loops
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5. Positive Feedback Loop
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6. Negative Feedback Loop
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7. Levels of Organization
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Title: Levels of Organization
Notes: Using the heart as an example, this figure outlines the levels of organization that comprise an organism. Organization is as follows: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
Keywords: levels of organization, atoms, complex molecule, fibers, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level

8. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Chemical Level
Atom
Smallest unit of a specific substance
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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9. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Chemical Level
Molecule
2 or more atoms bonded together
Can be extremely complex
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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10. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Cells
Cell
Structural and functional unit of an organism
Sizes vary
Cardiac Muscle Cells
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11. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Tissues
Tissue
Group of cells having the same function
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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12. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Organs
Organ
Groups of different tissues
Special functions
Heart
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13. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Organ Systems
Organ system
Groups of organs working together
Cardiovascular System
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14. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Organism
Organism
A living thing
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15. Early Anatomists Aristotle Andreus Vesalius
One of the earliest to write about anatomy
Andreus Vesalius
Pioneer of modern anatomy
Published the first atlas of anatomy

16. The Discovery of Microscopic Anatomy
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)
Invented a microscope capable of visualizing single cells
Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)
Developed the first practical compound microscope
Observed “cells”
Microscopes were improved in the 19th century
Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist) - cell theory

17. The Nature of Human Life – What is Life?
Organization
Cellular composition
Metabolism
Excitability
Homeostasis
Growth
Reproduction
Evolution
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18. The Nature of Human Life – What Is a Human?
Primate characteristics
4 upper and lower incisors
A pair of clavicles
Only 2 mammary glands
Forward-facing eyes with stereoscopic vision
Flat nails
Opposable thumbs
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19. The Nature of Human Life – What is a Human?
Hominid Characteristics
Large brains
Complex speech
Tool making
Bipedalism

20. Survey of the Human Body
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21. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Integumentary System
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Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (a) Integumentary system (skin).
Keywords: integumentary system, skin, hair, epidermis, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, subcutaneous layer
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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22. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Skeletal System
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Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (b) Skeletal system.
Keywords: skeletal system, bones, cartilages, ligaments, axial, appendicular, bone marrow
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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23. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Muscular System
FG01_06C.JPG
Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (c) Muscular system.
Keywords: muscular system, skeletal muscles, axial muscles, appendicular muscles, tendons, aponeuroses
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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24. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Nervous System
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Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (d) Nervous system.
Keywords: nervous system, central nervous system, CNS, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, PNS, autonomic nervous system, ANS
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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25. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Endocrine System
FG01_06E.JPG
Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (e) Endocrine system.
Keywords: endocrine system, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, heart, digestive tract, testes, ovaries, pineal gland
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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26. Cardiovascular System
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Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (f) Cardiovascular system.
Keywords: cardiovascular system, heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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27. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Lymphatic System
FG01_06G.JPG
Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (g) Lymphatic system.
Keywords: lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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28. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Respiratory System
FG01_06H.JPG
Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (h) Respiratory system.
Keywords: respiratory system, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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29. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Digestive System
FG01_06I.JPG
Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (i) Digestive system.
Keywords: digestive system, mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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30. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Urinary System
FG01_06J.JPG
Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (j) Urinary system.
Keywords: urinary system, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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31. Male Reproductive System
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Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (k) Male reproductive system.
Keywords: male reproductive system, testes, accessory organs, epididymis, ductus deferens, semina vesicles, prostate, external genitalia, penis scrotum
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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32. Female Reproductive System
FG01_06L.JPG
Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body
Notes: (l) Female reproductive system.
Keywords: female reproductive system, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, clitoris, labia, mammary glands
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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33. The Language of Anatomy
Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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34. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Anatomical Position
Standing
Facing forward
Palms forward
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35. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Directional Terms
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Title: Directional References
Notes: Important directional references used in figures are indicated by arrows; (a) Anterior view. (b) Lateral view.
Keywords: directional references, anterior view, superior, cranial, proximal, medial, lateral, caudal, distal, inferior, lateral view, superior, cranial, posterior, dorsal, anterior, ventral, caudal, inferior
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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36. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Body Cavities
Body is divided into cavities that contain organs
Body cavities have membranes that line the cavity themselves as well as cover the organs.
Visceral and parietal
The space between the two is filled with fluid.
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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37. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Pericardial Cavity
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Title: Body Cavities
Notes: Many vital organs are suspended in either the dorsal or ventral body cavity. (a)Lateral view. (b)The heart projects into the pericardial cavity. (c)Anterior view of ventral body cavity. (d)Sectional view of the thoracic cavity.
Keywords: lateral view, dorsal, ventral, skull, vertebral column, diaphragm, thoracic, abdominopelvic, pelvic, peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity, spinal, pericardium, pleural cavity, mediastinum
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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38. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity
Brain
Spinal cord
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Separated by diaphragm
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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39. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Ventral Body Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001