April 8, Who were the Sandinistas? 2.Who were the Contras? 3.Who were the Mujahideen? 4.Why did the soviets invade Afghanistan? 5.What was the US response to this invasion?

Conflicts in the Middle East

The Conflict Jews believed that Palestine belonged to them because it was their home 5,000 years ago Muslims had lived there for 1,300 years (Conquered Middle East in 7 th Century) So who is right?

Israel Becomes a State Diaspora – Global dispersal of Jews. Zionist – people who favored a Jewish national homeland in Palestine After World War I the British control the middle east

Israel 1947, End of World War II United Nations plan to divide Palestine 1.Palestine State 2.Jewish State After Holocaust many people feel sympathy for Jews On May 1948 announces creation of Israel David Ben Gurion

Israel and Arab in Conflict Day after Israel becomes a state six Islamic countries invade –Egypt –Iraq –Jordan –Lebanon –Saudi Arabia –Syria Israel supported by US Wins!

1956 Suez Crisis The second Arab-Israeli War Egypt seizes control of Suez Canal from British British make agreement with France and Israel to take back canal With air support provided by its Allies Israel quickly defeats the Egyptians World Community (including U.S. and U.S.S.R) force Europeans and Israel to withdraw from Egypt In the end Egyptians continue to control canal

Six-Day War Early 1967, EGYPT and Arab allies equipped with Soviet tanks and aircrafts (Cold War) feel ready to confront Israel again. Convinced of Arab hostility Israel strikes first bombing Iran, Egypt, Jordan & Syria Israel ground forces safe from air attack defeat Arab states in Six Days Israel loses 800 troops, Arabs lose 15,000 Victory gives Israel – Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and West Bank (Buffer Zone)

Yom Kippur War October 1937 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat planned a joint attack on the date of Yom Kippur (holiest of Jewish Holidays) Arab forces catch Israel by surprise and inflict heavy casualties and territory Israel, under Prime Minister Golda Meir launch a counter attack and regain territory Ends in truce

Efforts for Peace 1977 – Egypt becomes first Islamic country to recognize Israel –Egypt Leader Sadat signs peace agreement, Camp David Accords, with Israeli Prime Minister Meachem Begin Enrages Arabs, in 1981 Sadat is assassinated Israel and Palestine remain at odds –Palestinians living in Israel dislike Israeli rule –Want Nation of their own Sadat, Carter, Begin

PLO – Palestine Liberation Organization PLO - Led by Yassir Arafat becomes leading group in struggle for Arab self rule In late 1980s, many Palestinian people in Israel began a revolt called the intifada, or uprising

The Israeli-Palestinian Struggle Early 1990s, secret meetings held in Oslo, Norway produced a surprise agreement – Declaration of Principles or Oslo Peace Accords Israel agrees to give Palestinians control of the Gaza Strip and the town of Jericho. Israel leader who signed this agreement, Yitzhak Rabin, assassinated by Jewish extremist who opposes giving in to Palestine

Peace Slips Away July 2000, Bill Clinton hosted a 15 day summit meeting at Camp David between Ehud Barak (Israel P.M) and Yasir Arafat (PLO) –No peace Agreement 9/2000 Israel Political Leader Ariel Sharon visited Jewish holy place Temple Mount in Jerusalem –Also Muslim holy place for Muslim – Dome of the Rock –Muslim upset a Jew visited site – riots break out Second Intifada breaks out – Israel & PLO essentially at War 2001 Sharon elected as Israeli P.M. –Former military leader refuses to negotiate until Palestine's stop attacks (i.e., Suicide Bombers) –Israel and PLO peace talks are cut off 2003 PLO elects first P.M. Mahmoud Abbas –George W. Bush brings together Sharon and Abbas to work on new peace plan call “road map” –Goal is to negotiate two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security