2. Jews claimed Israel more than 3,000 years agoJews claimed Israel more than 3,000 years ago Muslims & Christians (Palestinians) believed the land belonged to them since the Jews were driven out in 135 ADMuslims & Christians (Palestinians) believed the land belonged to them since the Jews were driven out in 135 AD Arabs believed the land belonged to them since they had conquered the area in the 7th centuryArabs believed the land belonged to them since they had conquered the area in the 7th century Claims to the Holy Land

3. After the Diaspora, or dispersal of Jews, they were unable to establish their own stateAfter the Diaspora, or dispersal of Jews, they were unable to establish their own state Jewish nationalists, known as Zionists, were determined to reclaim the Jewish homeland in PalestineJewish nationalists, known as Zionists, were determined to reclaim the Jewish homeland in Palestine At this time, Palestine was controlled by the Islamic Turks of the Ottoman EmpireAt this time, Palestine was controlled by the Islamic Turks of the Ottoman Empire After WWI, the League of Nations asked Britain to oversee Palestine’s independenceAfter WWI, the League of Nations asked Britain to oversee Palestine’s independence Zionism & Palestine

4. In a letter to Zionist leaders in 1917, the British Foreign Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour promoted the idea of creating a Jewish stateIn a letter to Zionist leaders in 1917, the British Foreign Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour promoted the idea of creating a Jewish state Despite the Balfour Declaration, the efforts to create a Jewish state failed, but the hostility between Palestinians and Jews grewDespite the Balfour Declaration, the efforts to create a Jewish state failed, but the hostility between Palestinians and Jews grew The Balfour Declaration

5. Israel: 1947 & Israel: 1949

6. After WWII, the United Nations General Assembly voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish stateAfter WWII, the United Nations General Assembly voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish state Jerusalem would be an international state owned by neither sideJerusalem would be an international state owned by neither side Islamic countries, as well as Palestine, voted against the partitionIslamic countries, as well as Palestine, voted against the partition On May 14. 1948, Jewish leader David Ben Gurion announced the creation of an independent IsraelOn May 14. 1948, Jewish leader David Ben Gurion announced the creation of an independent Israel An Independent Israel

7. May 15, 1948, six Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, & Syria) invaded IsraelMay 15, 1948, six Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, & Syria) invaded Israel This was the first of many Arab-Israeli warsThis was the first of many Arab-Israeli wars During this fighting, more than 600,000 Palestinians fled from Israeli controlled areasDuring this fighting, more than 600,000 Palestinians fled from Israeli controlled areas Various Arab nations then claimed other Palestinian landsVarious Arab nations then claimed other Palestinian lands Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip, Jordan annexed West Bank of Jordan RiverEgypt took control of the Gaza Strip, Jordan annexed West Bank of Jordan River First Arab-Israeli War

8. In 1956, Egypt, under President Nasser, seized control of the Suez Canal from the BritishIn 1956, Egypt, under President Nasser, seized control of the Suez Canal from the British Britain made an agreement with France and Israel to retake the canalBritain made an agreement with France and Israel to retake the canal British, French, and Israelis marched on the Suez Canal and defeated the EgyptiansBritish, French, and Israelis marched on the Suez Canal and defeated the Egyptians Pressured by the U.S., Soviet Union, and other countries forced them to withdraw from Egypt and give Egypt control of the Suez CanalPressured by the U.S., Soviet Union, and other countries forced them to withdraw from Egypt and give Egypt control of the Suez Canal Suez Crisis Gamal Abdul Nasser, President of Egypt

9. 1967, Nasser and Arab allies (including Soviet assistance) were prepared to confront Israel1967, Nasser and Arab allies (including Soviet assistance) were prepared to confront Israel Sensing attack, Israelis struck airfields, in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, & SyriaSensing attack, Israelis struck airfields, in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, & Syria Israel defeated the Arab states in this Six-Day War, and gained control of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and the West BankIsrael defeated the Arab states in this Six-Day War, and gained control of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and the West Bank Six-Day War

10. In October 1973, Nasser’s successor, President Anwar Sadat, launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, one of the holiest Jewish holidaysIn October 1973, Nasser’s successor, President Anwar Sadat, launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, one of the holiest Jewish holidays Israelis counterattacked and regained lost territoryIsraelis counterattacked and regained lost territory After several weeks, both sides agreed to a truceAfter several weeks, both sides agreed to a truce The Yom Kippur War

11. In 1964, Palestinian officials formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to push for the formation of a Palestinian stateIn 1964, Palestinian officials formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to push for the formation of a Palestinian state Guerrilla groups began to dominate the organization & insisted the need for armed struggleGuerrilla groups began to dominate the organization & insisted the need for armed struggle In 1969, Yasir Arafat, became chairman of the PLO & led several attacks against IsraelIn 1969, Yasir Arafat, became chairman of the PLO & led several attacks against Israel Neighboring Arab countries allowed the PLO to operate from their landsNeighboring Arab countries allowed the PLO to operate from their lands In November 1977, Anwar Sadat offered peace to Israel in exchange for the rights of PalestiniansIn November 1977, Anwar Sadat offered peace to Israel in exchange for the rights of Palestinians Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Yasir Arafat

12. Pres. Jimmy Carter invited Sadat & Israeli Prime Minister to Camp David (presidential retreat in rural MD)Pres. Jimmy Carter invited Sadat & Israeli Prime Minister to Camp David (presidential retreat in rural MD) After 13 days of negotiations, Egypt recognized Israel as legitimate state, & Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to EgyptAfter 13 days of negotiations, Egypt recognized Israel as legitimate state, & Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt The 1979 Camp David Accords ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel (first ever signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country)The 1979 Camp David Accords ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel (first ever signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country) Camp David Accords (1979)

13. President President Prime Minister Anwar Sadat Jimmy Carter Menachem Begin of Egypt of the U. S. Of Israel

14. Camp David Accords (1979)

15. Sadat’s peace initiative angered many Arab countriesSadat’s peace initiative angered many Arab countries In 1981, a group of Muslim extremists assassinated himIn 1981, a group of Muslim extremists assassinated him Egypt’s new leader, Hosni Mubarak, also worked to maintain peace w/IsraelEgypt’s new leader, Hosni Mubarak, also worked to maintain peace w/Israel Sadat’s Assassination

16. Palestinians continued to clash with the IsraelisPalestinians continued to clash with the Israelis Fighting intensified between the PLO and IsraelFighting intensified between the PLO and Israel In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy Palestinian strongholds, but later withdrew to avoid involvement in Lebanon’s civil warIn 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy Palestinian strongholds, but later withdrew to avoid involvement in Lebanon’s civil war Fighting in Lebanon

17. In 1987, Palestinians began a widespread campaign of civil disobedience known as the intifada, or “uprising”, which continued until the 1990sIn 1987, Palestinians began a widespread campaign of civil disobedience known as the intifada, or “uprising”, which continued until the 1990s The intifada put pressure on the Israelis to seek negotiations with PalestineThe intifada put pressure on the Israelis to seek negotiations with Palestine October 1991, Israeli & Palestinian delegates met for a series of peace talksOctober 1991, Israeli & Palestinian delegates met for a series of peace talks Intifada

18. Secret talks in Oslo, Norway produced the Declaration of Principles, known as the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993Secret talks in Oslo, Norway produced the Declaration of Principles, known as the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993 Israel, under Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, gave Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza strip and West Bank, beginning with JerichoIsrael, under Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, gave Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza strip and West Bank, beginning with Jericho Rabin was assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Jewish extremistRabin was assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Jewish extremist New Israeli P.M., Benjamin Netanyahu, had opposed the Oslo Accords, but in 1997 met with Arafat to work out partial Israeli withdrawal from the West BankNew Israeli P.M., Benjamin Netanyahu, had opposed the Oslo Accords, but in 1997 met with Arafat to work out partial Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank Oslo Peace Accords (1993)

19. In 1999, Ehud Barak was elected the Prime Minister of IsraelIn 1999, Ehud Barak was elected the Prime Minister of Israel U.S. President Bill Clinton hosted 15-day summit in 2000 at Camp David between Ehud Barak & Yasir Arafat, but no compromise was reachedU.S. President Bill Clinton hosted 15-day summit in 2000 at Camp David between Ehud Barak & Yasir Arafat, but no compromise was reached In later months, Ariel Sharon, an Israeli political leader, visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, a Jewish holy placeIn later months, Ariel Sharon, an Israeli political leader, visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, a Jewish holy place The Temple Mount is also the location of the Dome of the Rock, one of the holy places of the MuslimsThe Temple Mount is also the location of the Dome of the Rock, one of the holy places of the Muslims Riots broke out and a second intifada was launchedRiots broke out and a second intifada was launched More Peace Talks

20. Palestinian militant groups began using suicide bombers, attacking Jewish settlements and civilian locationsPalestinian militant groups began using suicide bombers, attacking Jewish settlements and civilian locations In 17 months, one Israeli died for every three PalestiniansIn 17 months, one Israeli died for every three Palestinians In response, Israeli forces moved into Palestinian refugee camps, destroying buildings, towns, and campsIn response, Israeli forces moved into Palestinian refugee camps, destroying buildings, towns, and camps The Israeli army also bombed Arafat’s headquartersThe Israeli army also bombed Arafat’s headquarters In 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Israeli Prime Minister & refused to negotiate with Palestinians until attacks stoppedIn 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Israeli Prime Minister & refused to negotiate with Palestinians until attacks stopped The Second Intifada

21. In 2003, Palestinian leaders appointed first- ever prime minister Mahmoud AbbasIn 2003, Palestinian leaders appointed first- ever prime minister Mahmoud Abbas U.S. President George W. Bush brought Sharon and Abbas together at the Red Sea Summit to begin working on a new peace plan known as the “road map”U.S. President George W. Bush brought Sharon and Abbas together at the Red Sea Summit to begin working on a new peace plan known as the “road map” The Road Map

22. In January 2006, the Islamic militant group Hamas won a victory in the Palestinian parliamentary elections (76 of the 132 seats)In January 2006, the Islamic militant group Hamas won a victory in the Palestinian parliamentary elections (76 of the 132 seats) – ruling Fatah party trailed with 43 seats U.S. and Israel under Interim P.M. Ehud Olmert refused to deal with HamasU.S. and Israel under Interim P.M. Ehud Olmert refused to deal with Hamas Hostilities Resume, 2006

23. Israel-Gaza conflict emerged in the summer of 2006 between Hamas and Israeli forcesIsrael-Gaza conflict emerged in the summer of 2006 between Hamas and Israeli forces Israel also began a struggle with Hezbollah in LebanonIsrael also began a struggle with Hezbollah in Lebanon In mid-2007, Palestine entered into a civil conflict between Hamas and Fatah partiesIn mid-2007, Palestine entered into a civil conflict between Hamas and Fatah parties In June 2008, Hamas and Israel agreed to a cease- fireIn June 2008, Hamas and Israel agreed to a cease- fire Hostilities Continue