PROXY CONFLICTS THE COLD WAR Good Night and Good Luck

CONFRONTATION IN EUROPE After WWII there were disagreements over what to do with Eastern Europe US/GB wanted free elections USSR—set up pro-Soviet gov’ts to create buffer states from the West Civil war in Greece—both sides involved GB—anticommunist—helped temporarily USSR—supported People’s Liberation Army

POLICY SWAPPING USA Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Soviets founded COMECON Council for Mutual Assistance for the Eco. Recovery of the Eastern European States A failure because they couldn’t provide aid and would not allow anyone else to either. USA US originally wanted out of Europe after WWII, but stayed b/c of Communist threats Adopts policy of containment —keep communism within its borders & prevent communist expansion

DIVISION OF GERMANY End of war—Germany divided into 4 zones (GB, US, USSR, France) Soviets took reparations Dismantled & moved factories Took anything they could use Set up Communist party in Germ. US, GB, France Help to rebuild Eventually merge zones No real agreement or final peace treaty

BERLIN AIRLIFT In response to the other 3 merging their zones the Soviets react w/a blockade of Berlin GB & US carry supplies to the occupants of western Berlin for 10 mos. Blockade lifted in May 1949 Tensions increased

REVOLUTION IN CHINA FALL OF THE QING (MANCHU) DYNASTY Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor” Lived Ruled China , and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917 Puppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria), Spent 10 yrs in a Soviet prison after WWII Lived a quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China Died of disease during the Cultural Revolution (1967)

REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (1912) Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty Established a republic Book published before his death in Principle of Mínquán Democracy – the people are sovereign 2.Principle of Mínzú Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism 3.Principle of Mínshēng Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism Kuomintang symbol

REPUBLIC OF CHINA: WEAKNESSES Disunity Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control Wars raged between 1912 and 1928 Foreign imperialists Americans, Europeans, and Japanese Poor transportation 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track 225,000 miles in the smaller United States Few decent roads

GROWTH OF COMMUNISM Sun Yat-sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference – China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China Chinese flag,

CIVIL WAR IN CHINA and – war between Communists and Nationalists Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek War halted and to fight Japanese aggression Communists were victorious in 1949 Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan) End of imperialism in China Hong Kong returned to China in 1997

US INVOLVEMENT Ferried Chinese nationalist troops to Japanese controlled areas at end of WWII while USSR supported communist Chinese troops in Manchuria Allowed Chinese nationalist troops to accept Japan’s surrender on mainland at end of WWII Provided military and financial aid to nationalist throughout civil war Truman administration “lost” China when communist forces won civil war Anti-communists in US vocally wanted to restore exiled nationalist government

POLITICAL CHANGES UNDER MAO Communist government on mainland China Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Chairman Mao – chairman of the Communist party and leader of China – Mao Zedong 毛泽东

ECONOMIC CHANGES UNDER MAO First Five-Year Plan ( ) Advances in agriculture and coal, electricity, iron, and steel production Second Five-Year Plan ( ) “Great Leap Forward” China became a leading industrial country Peasants organized into communes Widespread catastrophe – famine – at least 14,000,000 deaths Propaganda Poster for the Great Leap Forward

ASSIGNMENT Eastern Europe and China were the first major proxy conflicts of the Cold War You are going to research more Then you are going to place them all on a scale from hottest to coldest Hottest means closest to nuclear war Coldest means farther away from nuclear war