The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2-3 What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?

Organic Molecules Organic Molecules contain carbon Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it can bond with up to 4 different atoms Can form single, double, or triple bonds Can form long carbon chains

Macromolecules “Macro”= giant Most made up of MONOMERS (one unit) bonded together to form POLYMERS

Bonds formed through condensation reactions –Water is removed in the forming of the bond –Also called dehydration synthesis Bonds broken apart by adding water called hydrolysis

4 important macromolecules to life:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Nucleic acids  Protein

CARBOHYDRATES

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 (1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Used for –Main source of energy for all animals and plants –Structure for plants Monosaccharides are building blocks of all carbohydrate –Glucose, galactose, fructose Example: GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 O 6

Disaccharides are formed through condensation reactions by the bonding of two monosaccharide's –maltose and sucrose

Polysaccharides are formed from monosaccharides– STARCH –Used to store sugar –Animal starch- glycogen stored in liver & muscles –Plant starch- energy storage –Cellulose- plant cell walls

Important MONOSACCHARIDES C 6 H 12 O 6 C 5 H 10 O 5 ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O1 21

Examples of IMPORTANT POLYSACCHARIDES ___________ Image from: STARCH CELLULOSE GLYCOGEN

WHAT DO CARBOHYDRATES DO? Image from:

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn glucose for their energy needs

_______ cells _____________ as __________. Image from: ANIMAL CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY store glucose glycogen

also use glucose to make Cellulose makes plants PLANTS CELLULOSE. STURDY.

LIPIDS

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (but fewer Oxygen atoms than carbohydrates) Usually NOT WATER SOLUBLE Used for –Long term energy storage (fats) –Waterproof covering on leaves, skin, or fur (waxes) –Cell membranes (phospholipids) –Chemical messengers (steroid lipids)

Fats Made of glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid molecules –Saturated- each carbon molecule has single bond with another carbon molecule Usually solid at room temperature (butter, lard, shortening)

Unsaturated- has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms –Monounsaturated- one double bond –Polyunsaturated- more than one double bond Usually liquid at room temperature (corn oil, peanut oil) Essential fatty acids – those our body cannot make- Omega 3 and Omega 6

Phospholipids Similar to structure of fats but one fatty acid group replaced with phosphate group –Found in cell membranes

___________________ (lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head) PHOSPHOLIPIDS ________ _________ Polar head Non-polar tails

LIPIDS can be used to _________ long term store energy

Steroids Structure contains 4 carbon rings. Chemical messengers like cholesterol

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acids Made of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus Used to store and transmit heredity (genetic information) –Codes for our body’s proteins

Single units called nucleotides –Each nucleotide has 3 parts -5 Carbon Sugar (1 of 2 kinds) -Deoxyribose forms DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid -Ribose forms RNA or Ribonucleic acid -Phosphate group -Nitrogeneous Base (5 of these) -adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ (_____) ________ (____) DEOXYRIBOSE DNA RIBOSE RNA

5 NITROGEN BASES _____________ = A _____________ = G _____________ = C _____________ = T (only in DNA) _____________ = U (only in RNA) ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE URACIL

DEOXYRIBOSE - DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine -Adenine bonds to Thymine -Cytosine bonds to Guanine -Forms a double-stranded molecule we call a double helix

SUGAR = __________ These Nitrogen bases _____________ NO __________ thymine RIBOSE A, U, C, or G RNA contains Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil -Single-stranded molecule

DNA molecule forms a HELIX or “twisted ladder” __________ bonds _________ with _________ bonds __________ with ADENINE THYMINE CYTOSINEGUANINE

WHAT DO NUCLEIC ACIDS DO?

DNA _______ _________ __________ in cells Stores genetic information

PROTEINS

Proteins -Made of -Nitrogen, -Carbon, -Hydrogen,& -Oxygen

Used to - Make structural components of muscle, skin, cartilage, tendons, bone, hair, etc. -Regulate the body and cell processes (cell receptors)

-Transport substances in the body (hemoglobin in blood) and fight disease (antibodies) -Allow movement of body parts -Control chemical reactions in the body (enzymes) -Provide storage for some elements (like iron)

-Single units called amino acids (also called a peptide) -join together to make a polymer (called a polypeptide)

-Amino Acid Structure –Central Carbon with an amino group (NH2) attached to one end and a –carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to another Also bonded to the carbon is an "R" group which is one of20 different atoms or groups of atoms – "R" group is what makes the amino acids different

_______ is _________ for each AMINO ACID There are _____________ ____________ used by cells to ________________ R-group 20 different AMINO ACIDS make proteins different

-Some R groups are acidic, some basic, some polar, some non- polar - The order of the individual amino acids in the polypeptide determine the protein's structure and function

Go to Section: General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Amino groupCarboxyl group

-A protein's shape determines its function -4 levels of organization of a protein Primary structure-sequence of the amino acids in the protein Secondary structure-twists and folds in the amino acids Tertiary structure-twists and folds in the amino acid chain Quaternary structure-if proteins are made of more than one chain, how they come together

Then __________ bonds hold it together. Proteins have a 3D shape The _____________ and ______________ ____________ make it fold up. R groups “Like wants to be near like” hydrophobic hydrogen hydrophilic