Chapter One Lecture One Introduction to the Human Body

What is Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the form or structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

Lung tissue Skin

Structure Determines Function Nonsmoker’s lung Smoker’s lung

Module 1.2 Review a. Define anatomy and physiology. b. Describe how structure and function are interrelated. c. Predict what would happen to the function of a structure if its anatomy were altered.

Levels of Organization Complexity of the body comes from multiple levels of organization Each level is more complex than the previous one All can be broken down to similar components

The Organ Level The Organ System Level The Tissue Level The Cellular Level The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule Protein filaments

Chemical Level All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-compounds- molecules. Major Elements –C - carbon –H - hydrogen –O - oxygen –N - nitrogen

Cellular Level The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. Each cell has a unique structure and function. –Muscle cells –Nerve cells –Blood cells –Cartilage cells

Tissue Level Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function. Usually derived from a common embryonic origin. Four Major Tissue Types –Epithelial Tissue –Connective Tissue –Nervous Tissue –Muscular Tissue

Organ Level Structures composed of two or more different tissues. Have specific functions. Usually have recognizable shapes –Heart –Brain –Kidney –Liver

Organ System Level An association of organs that have a common function. –Digestive System –Cardiovascular System –Nervous System –Lymphatic System

The 11 organ systems in the human body, each composed of one or more distinct organs Organ level The heart, for example, is an organ that contains cardiac muscle tissue, epithelia, connective tissues, and neural tissue. The interconnections between cardiac muscle cells ensure that the contractions are coordinated, producing a heartbeat; the neural tissue adjusts the heart rate. When the heart beats, the internal anatomy of the heart, largely composed of cardiac muscle tissue and connective tissue, enables it to function as a pump. Organism level Organ system level Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and circulating blood. This system distributes oxygen, nutrients, water, and heat throughout the body, and transports waste products to sites where they can be excreted. Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Organism Level All body systems are functioning with one another as a living individual