Intellectual and Religious Life By: Venessa Bjork Christy Phipps Hali Morehouse

Describe the four elements thought to compose the universe.

home and origin of humanity universal power or pure substance, to breathe commonly associated with the qualities of energy, assertiveness, and passion commonly associated with the qualities of emotion and intuition.

Reklationship between humours and illnesses. * Researchers have still continued making observations and connections between the personality, physiology and illness of a person. *The world finds interesting concepts involving combinations of physiological and psychological findings that are combined together. *The autonomic nervous system is an easy candidate for physical and psychological syptoms. A major part of the ANS system is used in the cardiovascular system.

Religious Climate *During the Renaissance, was a cultural movement that took place in Europe in the modern period. * It began in Italy and then began spreading through the rest of Europe by the end of the 16th century. * In the 16th century, much of the influence in Europe was based on literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other intellectual aspects.

Describe the four humours and their relationship to personality.

In ancient Greek and Roman Times, there was a medical belief that the body consisted of 4 humors or fluids. These humors were: Blood, Bile, Black Bile,yellow bile and phlegm. It was thought that when these four humors were in balance, a person was healthy. A surplus or imbalance in one of these fluids would not only affect their physical health, but also their personality and complexion. This belief became popular once in again in medical practice during the Elizabethan era. Practices such as bloodletting stemmed from this theory.

What was the relationships between humours and illnesses.

A natural balance of these fluids will keep the body in a healthy state. Any imbalance will result in illness. For example, a cold is the result of too much hot and dry phlegm in the body. This can be counteracted by drying and heating, or staying in bed and eating hot soup. For another example, a fever is the result of an excess of blood in the body. A treatment for the fever would be to remove excess blood with leeches, or eat cool and dry foods, like crackers. The characteristics of the four Humors were also considered for treating mental illnesses, as blood is sanguine, phlegm is phlegmatic, yellow bile is choleric, and black bile is melancholic.

What type of medicine was administered and by whom was it dispensed during this time period?

Herbal medicine Lots of blood letting. Herbal remedy's. Mercury was a popular one but deadly. As the plague was a common problem people would walk about with nose gays.These were simply a cloth or more elaborate items held to the mouth nose or covering the face. They would be stuffed full of herbs, flowers & other strange things believed to ward of the infection.They belived that the infection was in the air[Miasima] not passed from person to person. The nursery ryme Ring a ring a roses was to do with the plague. "A ring a ring of roses a pocket full of poseys atishoo atishho we all fall down." Plague was spread by fleas then from person to person buy coughing snezzing etc.The nose gays didnt work very well. Administered by physicians

Describe the religious climate during this time.

PROTESTANT OR CATHOLIC RELIGION? England in the 1500's! The Great Reformation! New Ideas! New Beliefs! New Religions! Reigning Monarchs dictated the 'favoured' religion! Schools taught the official religion decreed by the reigning Queen or King Failure to adhere to the 'favoured' religion could often lead to great danger - Imprisonment! Torture! Execution! Adhering to the 'wrong' religion brought risks to personal wealth, freedom and life Queen Mary I (r ), Elizabeth's sister, believed passionately in the Catholic religion and persecuted Protestants who were burned alive for their beliefs ( hence her nickname Bloody Mary ) Queen Elizabeth I (r ) succeeded her sister Queen Mary and adhered to the Protestant religion and restored Protestantism as the official religion. She did, however, firmly believe that people should be allowed to practice the Catholic religion without fear of recrimination so long as it presented no threat to peace in the realm and her rule over England There were, however, many Catholic plots against Queen Elizabeth I - many Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth with her cousin Mary Queen of Scots. These plots eventually led to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots

What was considered to be the center of the universe at this time? Who controlled it?

Earth They believed that the earth was the center of the universe, fixed firmly in place. The "planets" affected the affairs of the earth, and astrologers felt that they could predict future events by knowing the conjunction of the stars. The movements of the stars and the appearance of comets and eclipses were believed to be the origin of disaster God

Describe the hierarchy of beings or "chain of beings" believed in by Shakespeare and his contemporaries.

The End