America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 11 The Civil War, (1861–1865) Part 1

Chapter 11: The Civil War (1861–1865), Part 1 America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 11: The Civil War (1861–1865), Part 1 Section 1: From Bull Run to Antietam 2nd Manassas

From Bull Run to Antietam CH 11.1

War in the East: The Northern Commanders President: Abraham Lincoln Generals: Army of Virginia 1861: Irwin McDowell 1862: John Pope Army of the Potomac 1861-62: George B. McClellan 1862-63: Ambrose Burnside 1863: Joseph Hooker 1863-65: George G. Meade 1864-65: Ulysses S. Grant CH 11.1

War in the East: The Southern Commanders CH 11.1 The South President: Jefferson Davis Generals: Army of the Potomac: 1861-62: Joseph E. Johnston Army of Northern Virginia: 1862-65: Robert E. Lee

Preparing for War: Strengths of the North & the South Northern Advantages More railroads More factories Better balance between farming and industry More money A functioning government, an army, and a navy Two thirds of the nation’s population Southern Advantages Leadership: Most of the nation’s military colleges were in the South; most officers sided with the Confederacy. Military tactics: Because the South was defending its borders, its army needed only to repel Northern advances rather than initiate military action. Morale: Many Southerners were eager to fight to preserve their way of life and their right to self- government. There were 35 Northern States and 11-13 Southern States. In Industrial production, the State of New York alone produced 13 times more manufactured goods than the entire Southern States combined. CH 11.1

Weapons of the Civil War, Infantry Springfield Musket, USA Enfield Musket, CSA Henry Repeating Rifle

Weapons of the Civil War, Artillery

Weapons of the Civil War, Cavalry

Weapons of the Civil War, New Technology

The First Battle of Bull Run CH 11.1 The first major battle of the Civil War ended in a victory for the Confederacy. It became known as the First Battle of Bull Run (and 1st Manassas to the South) because the following year a battle occurred at almost exactly the same site. Both battles ended in major defeats & routs for the North. Approximately 35,000 troops were involved on each side. Union casualties, the military term for those killed, wounded, captured, or missing in action: 2,896 Confederate casualties: 1,982. The battle is a very small one by later standards. Significance of this battle is that it lets people know that this war will not be a short affair. Jackson earns the sobriquet… “Stonewall”

NORTH: 1st Bull Run SOUTH: 1st Manassas Army of the Potomac Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 12,000 men Reinforcements by Railroad Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard 22,000 men Won the Battle Killed - 387 Wounded - 1,582 Missing - 13 The Army of Virginia General Irwin McDowell 35,000 men Lost the Battle (panicked & ran) Killed - 460 Wounded - 1,124 Missing - 1,312 CH 11.1

Preparing for War: Military Strategies Naval blockade of all seceded states. Gain control of the Mississippi River. Cut the Confederacy in two, along the Mississippi River. (Scott’s Anaconda Plan) Union Military Strategies Survive. Repel Northern attacks. Gain British or French recognition. Fight a defensive war of attrition. Confederate War Strategies Outdated muskets replaced with rifles. Improved Artillery: shells and canister 1st wartime use of railroads 1st wartime use of the telegraph 1st wartime use of Iron warships 1st wartime use of submarines 1st wartime use of aerial observation Tactics & Technology CH 11.1

The Battle of Seven Pines Union General McClellan took some 100,000 troops by boat to attack Richmond. They landed southeast of Richmond near Yorktown. The Union troops faced 15,000 Confederates. The Confederate forces retreated toward Richmond. As McClellan’s army neared the capital, Southern General Johnston turned and attacked. The North claimed victory, but General Lee replaced the wounded General Johnston. Lee attacked in the Seven Days Campaign & the Yankees retreated. CH 11.1

The Seven Days, 25 June – 1 July 1862

Stonewall in the Valley

The South Invades the North at Antietam McClellan was defeated by Lee during The Seven Days Battles, as Jackson cleared the Valley. Pope was defeated by Lee at Cedar Mountain and 2nd Bull Run. Lee and Davis decided the Confederates would invade the North. The Yankees learned of General Lee’s strategy. On September 17, 1862, the two armies met at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. McClellan had more than 75,000 troops, with nearly 25,000 more in reserve. Lee’s forces numbered about 40,000. By the day’s end, Union casualties numbered more than 12,000. Confederate casualties were nearly 14,000, more than 33% of the entire army. The Battle of Antietam became the bloodiest day in U.S. History. After waiting to be attacked for all of one day, Lee retreated into Virginia. CH 11.1

The Battle of Antietam, 17 September 1862 CH 11.1

War in the East at Sea CSS Virginia USS Monitor & CH 11.1 USS Monitor & CSS Virginia March 9, 1862, the ironclad ships met off the Virginia coast. Neither ship was able to do serious damage to the other. These iron ships made the wooden navies of the world obsolete.

USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia Duel of the Ironclads USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia CH 11.1

The End

Today’s Questions 11.1 What was the significance of the First Battle of Bull Run? How did the North and the South prepare for war? Why were the battles in the West important? What was the outcome of each of the battles in the East in 1862?

Civil War Cavalry In Action

Civil War Cavalry In Action, 2

Civil War Cavalry In Action, 3 Sheridan’s Charge at Winchester

1st Bull Run Yankee “Zouaves”

Stonewall in the Valley, 2 The Prince and the Professor

Antietam

Antietam, 2

Battery Fire at Dunker Church, Antietam, 3

The Irish Brigade at Antietam, 4