Mr. Mezzafonte Exam #1: Review

Terms/Concepts 1.Forensic Science - is the application of scientific disciplines to the laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system. 2. Types of sciences involved in criminalistics –Physical science, biology, toxicology, chemistry, pathology, anthropology, entomology, psychiatry, odontology, engineering

3. People Sherlock Holmes - character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; detective; popularized crime- detection methods; used serology, fingerprinting, firearm identification, and questioned-document examination.

Orfilia - father of forensic toxicology. Locard - formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every Contact Leaves a Trace" Osborn – developed a method for document examination.

Vidocq Bertillon – developed the science of anthropometry. - father of modern criminal investigation. Galton – fingerprint analysis and classification for filing.

Lattes – developed a technique for identifying the blood type from a dried stain. Goddard – developed a method of comparing bullets fired from the same or different guns (ballistics). Gross – prosecutor that studied and developed techniques in criminal investigation; he published his works.

Types of forensic laboratories in the United States FBI, ATF, DEA, USPS Approximate number of operating crime labs are there in the United States –320 The largest crime laboratory in the world –FBI crime lab in Washington, DC

Function of the biology, toxicology, trace evidence, physical evidence, and evidence collection units Biology – blood typing, hair/fiber analysis, DNA fingerprinting Toxicology – examination of body fluids for the presence of drugs and/or poisons Trace Evidence – collection and analysis of very small pieces of evidence left at a crime scene using a variety of instrumentation and visualization tools including microscopy, gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GCMS), and microspectrophotometry.

Physical evidence – uses the principals of chemistry, physics, and geology for evidence analysis. Evidence collection units - collection of and preservation of crime scene evidence.

The concept of "general acceptance" –The Frye Standard - is a legal precedent regarding the admissibility of scientific examinations or experiments in legal proceedings The significance of the case: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical –applied the rules governing expert testimony established by the Federal Rules of Evidence to the admission of scientific evidence at trials conducted in federal courts.Federal Rules of Evidencefederal courts

Odontologists – teeth

Pathology – the body; discovering the mechanism of death

Anthropology – bones

Psychiatry – the mind

Engineering - DNA