Q. What is the forced control of one nation by another nation called? A. Colonialism Q. What is empire building by taking over another country’s government, trade, and culture. A. Imperialism Q. Can you give an example of European/African Imperialism? Q. Why did the European Powers want to establish colonies in Africa? A. Belgium and The Congo A. To expand their empires and control Africa’s wealth of natural resources

Q. What was the series of meetings held by European nations, that discussed how to divide Africa’s land even though Africa’s rulers not in attendance. A. The Berlin Conference of 1884

Q. What were the effects on Africa and its people due to the Berlin Conference? A. (+) End of slave trade, new roads, schools, modern technology and health care A. (-) Split up cultures and forced others together. Stole wealth of natural resources. Killed Millions of Africans. Made artificial or political boundaries that are still a source of contention to this day.

France Britain Belgium Which European countries colonized Africa, took land from the African people, and changed their way of life? Spain Germany Portugal Italy

Reclaiming Africa Pan-AfricanismAndNationalism

Africa Colonized By 1914 (the beginning of World War I) By 1914 (the beginning of World War I) And 29 years after the Berlin Conference European countries had colonized almost all of Africa. Only independent countries were Liberia and Ethiopia.

The African ’ s Experience How did African people respond to Colonization? How did African people respond to Colonization? - Supporters of colonialism in Europe claimed it brought an end to slavery and it brought peace to some areas For most Africans colonization was unwelcome and there was a strong resistance to colonial rule.

African Colonization cont. Some African ’ s hoped there would be peace. Some African ’ s hoped there would be peace. For rural Africans, there was little impact on their lives. For rural Africans, there was little impact on their lives. Most Africans resisted European Colonial rule – but early on Colonists were able to quiet African resistance. Most Africans resisted European Colonial rule – but early on Colonists were able to quiet African resistance.

_______________ is the idea that there is a global African community made up of native Africans and the descendants of African slaves and migrants across the world. Inspired by Marcus Garvey, it encouraged self-awareness on the part of Africans by encouraging the study of their history and culture. Pan-Africanism

Marcus Garvey Marcus Moziah Garvey was born in the quiet little town of St Ann ’ s Bay, on the northern coast of Jamaica, on August 17, “ The greatest weapon used against African people is disorganization ” and “ Africa for the Africans, those at home and those abroad. We have a beautiful history and we shall create another in the future that will astonish the world. ”

Pan-Africanism Cont. Black people worldwide faced common problems: Slavery, Oppression, Racism, Colonization Black people worldwide faced common problems: Slavery, Oppression, Racism, Colonization Believed it would benefit them to work together Believed it would benefit them to work together Believed that people throughout the world of African descent shared common history, culture and experience and should stick together. Believed that people throughout the world of African descent shared common history, culture and experience and should stick together.

African Opposition to Colonization: Expressed in the following ways: Demanded opportunity and inclusion: they did not accept the discrimination and lack of opportunity. Educated Africans believed “ all humans are created equal ” They tried to organize by membership was limited. Demanded opportunity and inclusion: they did not accept the discrimination and lack of opportunity. Educated Africans believed “ all humans are created equal ” They tried to organize by membership was limited. Economic Opposition: Economic Opposition: African Farmers resisted colonial demands on their labor and their land. Mass Protests – Aba Women ’ s War Mass Protests – Aba Women ’ s War

Aba Women ’ s War Women were upset with several British colonial policies that threatened their economic and social position. Nigeria 1929 Nigeria ,000 covered their faces with blue paint. 10,000 covered their faces with blue paint. They destroyed colonial buildings They destroyed colonial buildings Eventually soldiers stopped them, killing more than 50 women Eventually soldiers stopped them, killing more than 50 women Today Aba Women are considered heroes! Today Aba Women are considered heroes!

Pan- African Movement Began in the early 1900 ’ s as way to begin to secure equal rights, self-government, independence, and unity for African peoples. Began in the early 1900 ’ s as way to begin to secure equal rights, self-government, independence, and unity for African peoples. The Pan-African Movement marked the beginning of the Nationalist Movements that started to sweep across the continent.

World War II ( ) and Africa Very important effect on Africans Very important effect on Africans African soldiers were recruited by the British and French. They were told they would be helping the world fight evils. African soldiers were recruited by the British and French. They were told they would be helping the world fight evils. Africans asked themselves “ Why should I give my life to keep America and Europe free when I ’ m not free in my own country. ” Africans asked themselves “ Why should I give my life to keep America and Europe free when I ’ m not free in my own country. ”

The New Cause Africans began to realize they needed to organize and they needed mass support for their cause Africans began to realize they needed to organize and they needed mass support for their cause They wanted: They wanted: Political Freedom Political Freedom End of Colonial Rule End of Colonial Rule

Nationalist Movements Africans want to control their own countries and natural resources, thus giving birth to ____________________. Africans want to control their own countries and natural resources, thus giving birth to ____________________. ______________is a strong pride in one’s country; desire for self-government. ____________________are movements that seek independence for the people living in the country. Nationalist Movements Nationalism “Nationalist Movements”

Nationalist Movements Nationalist Movements Nigeria Nigeria Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the Berlin Conference, Great Britain was given control of Nigeria. Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the Berlin Conference, Great Britain was given control of Nigeria. The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies. The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies. Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the same country. Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the same country. These divisions between ethnic groups led to different treatment by the British. By the 1940s, Nigerians started many organizations to fight British rule. These divisions between ethnic groups led to different treatment by the British. By the 1940s, Nigerians started many organizations to fight British rule. Many Nigerians admired the British because of their education in England. However, most believed that the only way for Nigerians to have rights was to be free of European rule. Many Nigerians admired the British because of their education in England. However, most believed that the only way for Nigerians to have rights was to be free of European rule.

Nigeria These groups pushing for independence became political parties that worked for Nigerian independence. These groups pushing for independence became political parties that worked for Nigerian independence. By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians elect their own government. By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians elect their own government. They elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewa as their Prime Minister in They elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewa as their Prime Minister in On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its independence. On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its independence. Nigeria did not have to fight Great Britain for its independence. Nigeria did not have to fight Great Britain for its independence.

The First Nigeria Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa The First Nigeria Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

Kenya Nationalist Movement Many Kenyans throughout British rule believed that their land was taken unfairly. Many Kenyans throughout British rule believed that their land was taken unfairly. In opposition to British rule they organized a group known as the Mau Mau ( ). In opposition to British rule they organized a group known as the Mau Mau ( ). Mau Mau a secret organization that believed the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence was through the use of force. Mau Mau a secret organization that believed the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence was through the use of force. In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau, however violence between the two groups continued until In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau, however violence between the two groups continued until Thousands of people were killed during fighting, only about 100 were European. Thousands of people were killed during fighting, only about 100 were European.

Kenya Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for the Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya its independence. Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for the Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya its independence. In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold democratic elections, they elected Jomo Kenyatta president. In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold democratic elections, they elected Jomo Kenyatta president. Kenya was once again free from foreign rule. Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.

Jomo Kenyatta

Pan- African Movement Pan-African movement led to the founding of the African Union in Pan-African movement led to the founding of the African Union in African Union: sought to unite Africans to improve conditions across the continent. African Union: sought to unite Africans to improve conditions across the continent. GOALS OF AU GOALS OF AU Economic growth Economic growth End poverty and starvation End poverty and starvation End African wars End African wars Advancement of women ’ s rights, improve education Advancement of women ’ s rights, improve education