Section 1--What Is Biology? Biology-the study of life The key to the study of biology is learning about the life around us. Biology is a continuous search for information about the natural world-nature of science. Identify 6 important themes of biology, and discuss how facts and ideas in biology are linked to them. – Energy – Systems and Interactions – Unity within Diversity – Homeostasis – Evolution – Nature of Science

Although different organisms interact within ecosystems to form a stable system all living things share the same characteristics of life-unity within diversity Organisms depend on internal and external systems that interact in complex ways to help them perform their life functions- systems and interactions.

Hierarchy of living things Cell – Smallest living thing capable of life’s functions Tissue – Group of cells capable of performing life’s functions Organ – Group of tissues Organ system – Group of organs Organism – Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life

List and explain the 4 main characteristics used to identify living things. – Reproduction – Growth and Development – Stimulus and Response – Homeostasis

Growth and Development Growth- results in an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures. Development-all the changes that take place during the life of an organism Living things change during their lives through growth and development. As an organism develops, – It takes on the characteristics that identify it as a member of a particular species. – Its amount of living material increases – Different parts grow at different rates.

Homeostasis Homeostasis- regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival Energy- its flow through ecosystems determines how organisms interact and powers all life processes

Adaptation and Evolution Adaptation-any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to better survive in an environment. Living things adapt to their surroundings by – Making adjustments to nonliving factors around them – Maintaining a steady internal environment – Responding to other organisms Evolution-the gradual accumulation of adaptations over time – The theme that reflects the idea that there has been a gradual change in the characteristics of species over time

Stimulus and Response Environment- the living and nonliving factors in an organism’s surroundings. Stimulus- any condition in the environment that requires an organism to adjust. Response- a reaction to a stimulus

Section 2—The Methods of Biology The common steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions are scientific methods. Biologists discover problems by observing the world around them. Knowledge gained by scientific research is never inherently good or bad.

Steps of the Scientific Method Observe Make a hypothesis – A possible explanation for a question or a problem Collect data/experiment – A procedure that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions(used to test a hypothesis) Control- pg 13 Independent variable- pg 13 Dependent variable- a condition that results from making that change Data pg 15 A conclusion is based on the analysis of data collected in a controlled experiment

Publish the results Form a theory- – An explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations – A scientific explanation of known facts arrived at through repeated testing over time is a theory Develop new hypotheses Revise the theory Scientists also recognize certain facts of nature, called laws or principles, that are generally known to be true

Section 3—The Nature of Biology Two kinds of research – Quantitative Based on numerical measurements Counts or measurements are examples of data produced by quantitative research Most often reported as graphs or tables – Descriptive- used more often because it is often difficult to gather numerical data

Tables Test Tube Temperature Degrees Celsius C Bubbles of Oxygen per Minute Tables are best used to record observations The Effect of Temperature on the Enzyme Catalase

Line graphs A line graph is best used to show how one variable changes with respect to another.

Bar Graph Bar graphs are used to show easy-to-read, unconnected, bars which represent a quantity of information. These quantities represented by these bars can then be compared and contrasted.

Circle Graph A circle graph is used to show parts of a whole. Many times, circle graphs show percentages of a total. Circle graphs are also called pie graphs or pie charts.

Scientists always report measurements in a form of the metric system call the International System of Measurements(SI) Metric units: Meter(length), Gram(mass), Liter(volume), Second(time), and Celsius degree(temperature) Standard Prefix

Measuring Length in SI Meter used to measure length- the distance between two points.

Measuring Volume of a Liquid Liter or cc is used to measure the volume of a liquid Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.

Measuring Mass in SI Kilogram used to measure mass-the amount of matter in an object.

Measurement of Time Second used to measure time-interval between two events

Kelvin used to measure temperature- measure of kinetic energy in particles of matter in SI Celsius used to measure temperature in the metric system Measurement of Temperature

Whether applications of science to everyday life are considered good, bad, right, or wrong comes under the category of ethics. The study of standards for what is right and what is wrong is called ethics The theory of a black cat is not science because – The results of studying the hypothesis are not repeatable – The results of studying the hypothesis are open to judgment – The hypothesis cannot be tested by controlled experiments READ pg 24 and 25

Lab Safety General Laboratory equipment

Balance Test Tube Rack Safety Goggles

Bunsen Burner Mortar & Pestle Ring StandTest tube clamp Beaker Funnel

Crucible Forceps Tongs Tripod Wire Gauze Evaporating Dish

Compound Light Microscope Compound light microscope allows for the observation of Living microscopic organisms. The compound light microscope has more than one lens and uses light to make objects appear larger.

First aid in the Laboratory InjurySafe Response BurnsApply cold water, Call your teacher immediately Cuts and bruisesStop any bleeding by applying direct pressure. Cover cuts with a clean dressing. Apply cold compresses to bruises. Call your teacher immediately

First aid in the Laboratory InjurySafe Response FaintingLeave the person lying down. Loosen any tight clothing and keep crowds away. Call your teacher immediately. Foreign matter in the eye Flush with plenty of water. Use an eye wash bottle or fountain. Call your teacher immediately. PoisoningNote the suspected poisoning agent and Call your teacher immediately