1. Chapter 1
The Study of Life

2. The Science of Biology
Science – the process to understand the world around us.
Biology – the study of life
Bio means life
Ology means study of

3. Biologists Study the Diversity of Life
Why Study Biology?
Lead to advances in medical treatment and disease prevention.
Help preserve species in danger of disappearing
Teach you how humans function

4. Characteristics of Living Things
Living organisms must have all 7 characteristics of life to be considered living
7 Characteristics of Living Things:
1. All living things are made of cells
A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can be considered alive
All living things contain DNA

5. 3. All living things reproduce
Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism, but it is essential for the survival of the species.
4. All living things grow and develop
Growth – an increase in size and the formation of new structures.
Development – all of the changes that take place during life.

6. 5. All living things obtain and use energy
Organisms need energy to grow, develop and reproduce
Metabolism – chemical reactions through which an organism carries out its life processes
6. All living things adapt and evolve
Adaptation – respond to stimuli for better survival
Evolution – the gradual accumulation of adaptations over time.

7. All living things maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostasis – regulation of an organisms internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival

8. The Methods of Biology and Science 
Scientific Method – common steps that scientists use to gather information and answer questions.
Scientific Method has 5 steps:
1. Collect observations and state the problem.
Scientists first observe something with one or more of their five senses
What do you want to find out

9. 2. Form a hypothesis – an explanation for a question or a problem that can be tested.
3. Plan and Perform MULTIPLE Experiments.
Perform the experiment many times to reduce the chance of error.
You must always have a control.
Control - the group in which all conditions are kept the same and you can compare your results against.

10. 4. Observe and Record Results.
Make tables, charts, graphs
Do you see any patterns or trends?
5. Draw Conclusions
Does the data support your hypothesis?
What errors occurred in your experiment?
What would you do different next time?

11. Form a Theory
Theory – a hypothesis that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence.
No theory is considered absolute truth.
As new evidence is uncovered a theory may be revised or replaced.
It becomes a Law after many years of holding true.

12. Two Things Involved in Testing
Independent Variable
It is the variable you mess with or what you can change
Value does not depend on change in the other value.
Goes on the X axis
Dependent Variable
The variable you measure or what you can’t directly control.
Value depends on change in the other value.
Goes on the Y axis

13. Graphing
The X axis is horizontal
The Y axis is vertical
What Makes a Good Graph?
Make sure your graph has a title
Make sure the axis is labeled with units of measurement
Use all of graph paper.
Key

14. LINE GRAPH Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Activity
H2O2
Depth
Your Data Time
Your Data Rate
Class Data Avg. Rate
0 units/ml (0%)
100mm
0.0sec
0 mm/sec
0.0mm/sec
20 units/ml (20%)
98mm
31 sec
3.2 mm/sec
2.98mm/sec
50 units/ml (50%)
103mm
18 sec
5.7 mm/sec
5.48mm/sec
80 units/ml (80%)
14 sec
7.1 mm/sec
7.39mm/sec
100 units/ml (100%)
110mm
12 sec
9.2 mm/sec
8.42mm/sec

15. BAR GRAPH Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Activity
H2O2
Depth
Your Data Time
Your Data Rate
Class Data Avg. Rate
0 units/ml (0%)
100mm
0.0sec
0 mm/sec
0.0mm/sec
20 units/ml (20%)
98mm
31 sec
3.2 mm/sec
2.98mm/sec
50 units/ml (50%)
103mm
18 sec
5.7 mm/sec
5.48mm/sec
80 units/ml (80%)
14 sec
7.1 mm/sec
7.39mm/sec
100 units/ml (100%)
110mm
12 sec
9.2 mm/sec
8.42mm/sec
Effect of Enzyme Activity on Enzyme Concentration

16. PIE
GRAPH

17. Kinds of Research
Quantitative Research
Experiments that result in counts, measurements, or numerical data
Data may be used to make a graph or table.
Qualitative (Descriptive) Research
Observational data that is written descriptions of what scientists observe.
Useful because some experiments aren’t appropriate for quantitative research.

18. Microscopes
2 important concepts of microscopes:
Magnification – to make an image appear larger.
Resolution - shows details clearly.
Light Microscopes
Use a beam of light passing through one or more lenses
Compound microscopes use two sets of lenses
Use compound microscopes to study living cells
As magnification increases the resolution decreases.

19. Electron Microscope
Use electrons instead of light
Can magnify more than light microscopes
Living cells cannot be viewed
2 Types of Electron Microscopes
1. Transmission Electron Microscope
Reveals its internal structures.

21. 2. Scanning Electron Microscope
See 3-D images of cell surfaces
Reveals surface structures.

23. Scanning Electron Microscope
Image Comparison
Compound
Scanning Electron Microscope
Transmission EM
Cyclotella 1000X
Cyclotella 1000X
Viruses
Bacteria 10,000X
Bacteria 1000X

24. Eyepiece or Ocular Lens
Rotating Nose Piece
Arm
Objectives
Stage Clips
Stage
Diaphragm
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Light
Fine Adjustment Knob
Base

25. How to Get an Image in Focus
Put on low power objective
Turn the coarse adjustment knob to move stage all the way up
Turn the coarse adjustment knob away until the image is in focus
Turn the fine adjustment knob to get a clearer and sharper image
Change to the medium objective
Only use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into focus. Do not use the coarse knob.
Change to the high objective.
Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into focus.

26. Parfocal – once the image is in focus on low power, the image will remain in focus.

27. Total Magnification
The eyepiece has a lens in it that magnifies 10X
The low power objective magnifies at 4X
The medium objective magnifies at 10X
The high objective magnifies at 40X
To find the total magnification you must multiply the eyepiece and the objective you are on:
Example: 10 X 4 = 40
10 X 10 = 100
10 X 40 = 400